Diaspora studies scholars extend this non-geographically bound concept of " nation " among diasporic communities, at times using the term ethnonation or ethnonationalism to describe a conceptual collective of dispersed ethnics.

The first element for reward systems design is the concept that for a collective assessment to be appropriate for individual team members, the group's tasks must be highly interdependent.

The collectivist anarchists sought to collectivize ownership of the means of production while retaining payment proportional to the amount and kind of labor of each individual, but the anarcho-communists sought to extend the concept of collective ownership to the products of labor as well.

Ultimately, Britain and France both abandoned the concept of collective security in favour of appeasement in the face of growing German militarism under Hitler.

We are now controlled not by binding extra-linguistic value paradigms defining notions of collective identity and ultimate purpose, but rather by our automatic responses to different species of " language games " ( a concept Lyotard imports from JL Austin's theory of Speech Acts ).

Another key psychohistorical concept is that of group fantasy, which deMause regards as a mediating force between a psychoclass's collective childhood experiences ( and the psychic conflicts emerging therefrom ), and the psychoclass's behavior in politics, religion and other aspects of social life.

Partnerships, rather than corporations, are the key concept in collective Islamic business.

* Carl Jung's concept of collective unconscious

Hope is a key concept in most major world religions, often signifying the " hoper " believes an individual or a collective group will reach a concept of heaven.

In 1893, Durkheim introduced the concept of anomie to describe the mismatch of collective guild labour to evolving societal needs when the guild was homogeneous in its constituency.

One of the most important elements of Durkheim's theory knowledge is his concept of représentations collectives ( collective representations ), which is outlined in The Elementary Forms of Religious Life.

He introduced the concept of " collective consumption " ( public transport, public housing, etc ) comprehending a wide range of social struggles — displaced from the economic stratum to the political stratum via state intervention.

Within these cultures the concept of individual or collective land ownership was nonexistent.

* Cabinet collective responsibility, a similar concept in parliamentary government

It is eventually discovered that the bacterial life on Erythro forms a collective organism that possesses a form of consciousness and telepathy ( a concept similar to the Gaia of Asimov's Foundation series ).

" Unlike Smuts, Hughes was totally opposed to the concept of the League of Nations, as in it he saw the flawed idealism of ' collective security '.

The economic concept of public goods should not be confused with the expression " the public good ", which is usually an application of a collective ethical notion of " the good " in political decision-making.

Saladin structured the Ayyubid empire around the concept of collective sovereignty i. e. confederation of principalities held together by the idea of family rule.

The building of this vast project was to last 140 years, the collective efforts of several generations ; Arnolfo's plan for the eastern end, although maintained in concept, was greatly expanded in size.

The Colombo Plan is a regional organization that embodies the concept of collective inter-governmental effort to strengthen economic and social development of member countries in the Asia-Pacific region.

However much the public security system may have been influenced by communist ideology and practice, it remained rooted directly in the traditional Chinese concept of governmental control through imposed collective responsibility.

Richardson and the then Minister of Social Welfare, Jenny Shipley, immediately reformed Social Welfare programme by reducing available benefits and allowances across the board, and in 1991 the National government enacted the Employment Contracts Act ( ECA ), which effectively demolished New Zealand's post-war industrial relations framework, replacing collective bargaining and compulsory union membership in many sectors with the concept of the individual employment contract.

Some have also remarked on the " collective mania " especially in the United States that takes a sort of pride in the " work at all times " attitude exemplified by the 24 / 7 concept.

There is controversy as to the scientific validity of the concept of the unconscious, and whether the unconscious mind exists at all has been disputed.

Franz Brentano rejected the concept of the unconscious in his 1874 book Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint, although his rejection followed largely from his definitions of consciousness and unconsciousness.

Bion's concept of maternal " reverie " as the capacity to sense ( and make sense of ) what is going on inside the infant has been an important element in post-Kleinian thought: " reverie is an act of faith in unconscious process ... essential to alpha-function '" It is considered the equivalent of Stern's attunement, or Winnicott's maternal preoccupation.

Furthermore the psychoanalytic concept of the unconscious was extended with a recognition of a group unconscious, in which the unconscious processes of group members could be acted out in the form of irrational processes in group sessions.

Jung believed that material repressed by the conscious mind, postulated by Freud to comprise the unconscious, was similar to his own concept of the shadow, which in itself is only a small part of the unconscious.

145 or 135 BCE – 86 BCE ), author of Shiji, which suggests the caveat that while many works now considered intentional or unintentional speculative fiction existed before the coining of the genre term, its concept in its broadest sense captures both a conscious and unconscious aspect of human psychology in making sense of the world, reacting to it, and creating imaginary, inventive, and artistic expressions, some of which underlie practical progress through interpersonal influences, social and cultural movements, scientific research and advances, and philosophy of science.

The psychological internalization of territorial and dominance experiences in conscious and unconscious memory are established through the formation of social identity, personal identity, body concept, or self concept.

Expounding upon Leibniz ’ s concept of petites apperceptions and the idea of apperception, Herbart believed the apperceiving mass to be crucial in selecting similar ideas from down in the unconscious to join its forces in the conscious.

His proof of the vast collective unconscious was his concept of synchronicity, that inexplicable, uncanny connectedness that we all share.

Jung's concept of the collective unconscious has often been misunderstood.

Jung postulated, in addition to the personal unconscious ( roughly adopting Freud's concept ), the collective unconscious, which is the repository of human experience and which contains " archetypes " ( i. e. basic images that are universal in that they recur regardless of culture ).

The Guardian Angel, for example, explores mental health and repressed memory, and Holmes uses the concept of the unconscious mind throughout his works.

Kelly did not use the concept unconscious, instead he believed that some constructs are preverbal, ' their lack of verbal labels often being because they were developed before the person had the use of words ' ( Winter, 1993, p. 244 ).

Psychoanalyst, Sigmund Freud, made the concept of the unconscious popular and based most of his theories on psychoanalysis on the concept.

Early in Jung's career, he developed the concept of the " complex ", A " complex " meaning a personal unconscious, core pattern of emotions, memories, perceptions, and wishes organized around a common theme ( Shultz and Shultz, 2009 ).

The name " Arayashiki " most likely comes from the Japanese word for the Buddhist Yogacharan concept of a store consciousness, the idea that karmic occurrences are " stored " in the unconscious and affect our karma and perceptions of the world.

Recognizing that the Rule of Law is `` a dynamic concept which should be employed not only to safeguard the civil and political rights of the individual in a free society '', the Congress asserted that it also included the responsibility `` to establish social, economic, educational and cultural conditions under which his legitimate aspirations and dignity may be realized ''.

A broader concept of imitation is needed, one which acknowledges that true invention is important, that the artist's creativity in part transcends the non-artistic causal factors out of which it arises.

For it is their catastrophic concept of the Anglo-Saxon invasions rather than Kemble's gradualist approach which dominates the field.

But beginning, for all practical purposes, with Frederick Seebohm's English Village Community scholars have had to reckon with a theory involving institutional and agrarian continuity between Roman and Anglo-Saxon times which is completely at odds with the reigning concept of the Anglo-Saxon invasions.

What was perhaps more important than his concept of the nature of history and the historical method were those forces which shaped the direction of his thought.

There was only one way to accomplish this: by design, by drawing diagrams and sketches in which he probed the remotest corner of his mind for creative ideas to carry his concept.

Recognizing the limitations of such a program, the 78th Congress in 1943 passed P. L. 113, which broadened the concept of rehabilitation to include the provision of physical restoration services to remove or reduce disabilities, and which revised the financing structure.

271 - 307 ) indicate, that the concept of function in sociology has been built up from physiological and biological models, in which the notions of teleology, i.e., metaphysical purpose, are central.

This is stated to emphasize the necessity for an over-all concept of submarine defense, one which would provide positions of relative importance to ASW elements based on projected potentialities.

That which follows will be a discussion of principles and possible content for an over-all concept of antisubmarine warfare.

The concept of unity, in which positive and negative are attributes of the same force, in which good and evil are relative, ever-changing, and always joined to the same phenomenon -- such a concept is still reserved to the physical sciences and to the few who have grasped the history of ideas.

The concept of the Middle Kingdom at peace, strong and united under a forceful ruler, which had been only a longed-for ideal in the time of the Warring States, was finally realized by the establishment of a Chinese Empire under the Ch'in dynasty ( 221-207 B.C. ).

there was no Martian concept to match it -- unless one took `` church '' and `` worship '' and `` God '' and `` congregation '' and many other words and equated them to the totality of the only world he had known during growing-waiting then forced the concept back into English in that phrase which had been rejected ( by each differently ) by Jubal, by Mahmoud, by Digby.

At the same time, the Romantic reaction to the Enlightenment produced thinkers, such as Johann Gottfried Herder and later Wilhelm Dilthey, whose work formed the basis for the " culture concept ," which is central to the discipline.

Authors such as David Schneider, Clifford Geertz, and Marshall Sahlins developed a more fleshed-out concept of culture as a web of meaning or signification, which proved very popular within and beyond the discipline.

Another possible source of the suanpan is Chinese counting rods, which operated with a decimal system but lacked the concept of zero as a place holder.

A third concept was proposed in 1923 by Gilbert N. Lewis which includes reactions with acid-base characteristics that do not involve a proton transfer.

In philosophy, religion, mythology, and fiction, the afterlife ( also referred to as life after death, or Hereafter ) is the concept of a realm, or the realm itself ( whether physical or transcendental ), in which an essential part of an individual's identity or consciousness continues to reside after the death of the body in the individual's lifetime.