In April 2007, the Museum outbid New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art at a Christie's auction in acquiring a rare English cittern dating from the late 16th century, " This instrument is extremely rare, probably the only English cittern from the Renaissance known to survive ," Museum Director Andre Larson said.

" We already have an Italian cittern from the same period, but it's one of two or three that have survived.

The word " kit " probably arose from an abbreviation of the word " pocket " to "- cket " and subsequently " kit "; alternatively, it may be a corruption of “ cittern ” ( Gr. ).

The cittern is one of the few metal-strung instruments known from the Renaissance period.

This instrument certainly directly descended from the Renaissance European cittern and very probably derived in turn from the medieval citole.

In 1649 was published the catalogue of the Royal Music Library of King John IV of Portugal containing the best known books of cittern music from foreign composers of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, in which the complexity and technical difficulty of the pieces allow us to believe that we had highly skilled players in Portugal.

In the first half of the eighteenth century, Ribeiro Sanches ( 1699 – 1783 ) had cittern lessons in the town of Guarda as he mentions in a letter from St. Petersburg in 1735.

This tuning is thought to have been derived either from the baroque cittern ( of the English guitar type ), or from that of the torban, a Ukrainian variety of theorbo, as one of its tunings was also based on major triads.

The bandurria is a plectrum chordophone from Spain, similar to the cittern and the mandolin, primarily used in Spanish folk music.

The waldzither () is a stringed instrument from Germany, a type of cittern.

Broken consorts combined a mixture of different instruments — a small band, essentially — usually comprising a gathering of social amateurs and typically including such instruments as a bass viol, a lute or orpharion ( a wire-strung lute, metal-fretted, flat-backed, and festoon-shaped ), a cittern, a treble viol ( or violin, as time progressed ), sometimes an early keyboard instrument ( virginal, spinet, or harpsichord ), and whatever other instruments or players ( or singers ) might be available at the moment.

Lennox ( standing, right, with cittern ), in the company of other " bluestocking s " ( 1778 )

* Jen Clark ( vocals, guitar, cittern and dulcimer )-among other things now running a psychotherapy practice and offering voicework in Edinburgh ).

In 1582, Friar Phillipe de Caverell visited Lisbon and described its customs ; he mentions the Portuguese people ’ s love for the cittern and other musical instruments.

In the same period there are other evidence to the use of the cittern alluding to a repertoire of sonatas, minuets, etc.

Their politically tinged music was informed by MacGowan and Stacy's punk backgrounds, yet used traditional Irish instruments such as the tin whistle, cittern, mandolin and accordion.

The cittern family survives into the present day in the German ' waldzither ', the Corsican Cetara, Spanish Bandurria and Laúd, as well as the Portuguese guitar, the descendant of English instruments brought into Portugal in the 18th century.

Traditional instruments included alphorn, hammered dulcimer, fife, hurdy-gurdy, rebec, bagpipe, cittern and shawm.

All of the band members play multiple instruments, and frequently rotate instruments between songs ; Das letzte Einhorn frequently plays a cittern during certain songs, such as Ai Vis A Lo Lop.

Personally-owned instruments recorded included the cittern, virginals, soprano clarinet, bassoon, trumpet, fife, flute, viol and violin and fiddle and the Mrs. Healy pipe.

Through his association with Tony Garnier, Bob Dylan's bass player, Larry joined the band, replacing John Jackson as a guitarist, and expanded the role to multi-instrumentalist, playing instruments such as cittern, violin / fiddle, pedal steel guitar, lap steel guitar, mandolin, banjo, and slide guitar.

The name cittern is often applied to instruments of five courses ( ten strings ), especially those having a scale length between 20 and 22 inches ( 500mm and 550mm ).

Luthier Stefan Sobell, who coined the term " cittern " for his modern, mandolin-based instruments, originally used the term for short scale instruments irrespective of the number of their strings, but he now applies " cittern " to all 5 course instruments irrespective of scale length, and " octave mandolin " to all 4 course instruments, leaving out bouzouki entirely.

The band uses a mix of modern and medieval instruments, such as the lute, cittern, crumhorn and rauschpfeife, along with the moog synthesizer, bass and electric guitars.

The cittern may have a range of only an octave between its lowest and highest strings and employs a " re-entrant " tuning-a tuning in which the string that is physically uppermost is not the lowest, as is also the case with the five-string banjo for example.

He also plays bandora, cittern, and tabor.

Confusingly, in Portugal, the word vihuela referred to the guitar, whereas guitarra meant the " Portuguese guitar ", a variety of cittern.

The Russian guitar ( sometimes referred to as a " Gypsy guitar ") is an acoustic seven-string guitar that arrived in Russia toward the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century, most probably as an evolution of the cittern, kobza, and torban.

In addition to his madrigals, Morley wrote instrumental music, including keyboard music ( some of which has been preserved in the Fitzwilliam Virginal Book ), and music for the broken consort, a uniquely English ensemble of two viols, flute, lute, cittern and bandora, notably as published by William Barley in 1599 in The First Booke of Consort Lessons, made by diuers exquisite Authors, for six Instruments to play together, the Treble Lute, the Bandora, the Cittern, the Base-Violl, the Flute & Treble-Violl.

By the time of that recording the ensemble consisted of Custer LaRue ( soprano ), Ronn McFarlane ( lute ), Mary Anne Ballard ( viols, fiddle ), Larry Lipkis ( bass viol, recorder ), Chris Norman ( flutes, bagpipes, bodhran ), Howard Bass ( bandora ), and Mark Cudek ( cittern, bass viol ).

Even though there are few academic and scientific studies about it, all facts indicate that the instrument we now call a Portuguese guitar ( or depending on the used name and definition, its direct ancestor ) was known until the nineteenth century throughout Europe as citra or cítara ( Portugal and Spain ), cetra ( Italy and Corsica ), cistre ( France ), cittern ( British Isles ), zither and zitharen ( Germany and Low Countries ).

The angel playing the cittern ( c. 1680 ), a sculpture of large dimensions in the Alcobaça monastery, depicts in detail the direct ancestor of the Portuguese guitar.

The theme is similar to the classic Music Lesson genre, and features a bass viol, virginal, and cittern ( in the woman's hand, out of frame in this detail ; see: Image: VerkoljeJan CoupleDutch1674. jpg | full image ).

Variants include threshold below, which is opposite of threshold above ; threshold inside, where a pixel is labeled " object " if its value is between two thresholds ; and threshold outside, which is the opposite of threshold inside ( Shapiro, et al.

First, while the sub-appellations of Muscadet-Sèvre et Maine, Muscadet-Coteaux de la Loire and Muscadet-Côtes de Grandlieu are permitted to use the term, any wine labeled with just the generic AOC Muscadet cannot.

Since 2007, however, it is no longer a legal requirement in European countries ( such as Germany ) to declare ESL milk as ultra-heated, consequently, it is now often labeled as " fresh milk " and just advertised as having an " extended shelf life ", making it increasingly difficult to distinguish ESL milk from traditionally pasteurized fresh milk.

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During the Holocaust, homosexuals were labeled with pink triangles to distinguish between them, Jews, regular prisoners, and political prisoners.

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Performance parts for Lexus vehicles are now labeled as F-Sport and performance Lexus models are labeled F to distinguish Lexus's F division from TRD.

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