** Techniques: genetic screen — paternity test — linkage map — genetic map

A lack of data from Thailand, Russia, the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa makes it difficult to lay out a clear map of the spread of chickens in these areas ; better description and genetic analysis of local breeds threatened by extinction may also help with research into this area.

She produced the first genetic map for maize, linking regions of the chromosome with physical traits, and demonstrated the role of the telomere and centromere, regions of the chromosome that are important in the conservation of genetic information.

alt = A map with five colored squares, depicting the genetic split between 18 different human groups of the world.

Pascale Cossart published in 2009 the first full map of an operon, identifying the genetic switches that operate in Listeria under different conditions.

* The SARS virus genetic map

This distance is expressed in terms of a genetic map unit ( m. u.

A linkage map is a genetic map of a species or experimental population that shows the position of its known genes or genetic markers relative to each other in terms of recombination frequency, rather than a specific physical distance along each chromosome.

A genetic map is not a physical map ( such as a radiation reduced hybrid map ) or gene map.

Recombination frequency is a measure of genetic linkage and is used in the creation of a genetic linkage map.

* Craig Venter and Mark Adams complete the genetic map of the laboratory mouse.

Because the genome's rate of transfer through the mating bridge is constant, molecular biologists and geneticists can use Hfr strain of bacteria ( often E. coli ) to study genetic linkage and map the chromosome.

But there is also a firm aspect to lexicostatistics: the aspect of learning the internal organization of obvious natural genetic groups of languages as well as their more remote and elusive external links ; ;

The study of altruism was the initial impetus behind George R. Price's development of the Price equation, which is a mathematical equation used to study genetic evolution.

Ramsey ( 2004: 340 ) stated that " the genetic relationship between Korean and Japanese, if it in fact exists, is probably more complex and distant than we can imagine on the basis of our present state of knowledge ", a concept later restated by Lee ( 2011 ).

The order in which the amino acids are added is read through the genetic code from an mRNA template, which is a RNA copy of one of the organism's genes.

An allele ( or ) is one of two or more forms of a gene or a genetic locus ( generally a group of genes ).

It is now appreciated that most or all gene loci are highly polymorphic, with multiple alleles, whose frequencies vary from population to population, and that a great deal of genetic variation is hidden in the form of alleles that do not produce obvious phenotypic differences.

This is the only form of sexual reproduction that occurs within the group, though it is really more genetic reorganization than reproduction.

It is also possible to see in animals that a high genetic diversity is beneficial in providing resiliency against harsh abiotic stressors.

Current hypotheses suggest that asexual reproduction may have short term benefits when rapid population growth is important or in stable environments, while sexual reproduction offers a net advantage by allowing more rapid generation of genetic diversity, allowing adaptation to changing environments.

Jensen claimed, on the basis of his research, that general cognitive ability is essentially an inherited trait, determined predominantly by genetic factors rather than by environmental conditions.

The group's research is focused on autoimmune and genetic disorders of the neuromuscular junction and peripheral motor nerves.

This is called the neutral hypothesis, or genetic drift.

Another likely explanation for the loss of its eyes is that of selective neutrality and genetic drift: in the dark environment of the cave, the eyes are neither advantageous nor disadvantageous and thus any genetic factors that might impair the eyes ( or their development ) can take hold with no consequence on the individual or species.

Because there is no selection pressure for sight in this environment, any number of genetic abnormalities that give rise to the damage or loss of eyes could proliferate among the population with no effect on the fitness of the population.

However, there is not enough evidence to distinguish areal contacts from genetic relationship.

A nucleic acid is a complex, high-molecular-weight biochemical macromolecule composed of nucleotide chains that convey genetic information.

* Genetics is the study of the effect of genetic differences on organisms.

* Molecular biology is the study of molecular underpinnings of the process of replication, transcription and translation of the genetic material.

The central dogma of molecular biology where genetic material is transcribed into RNA and then translated into protein, despite being an oversimplified picture of molecular biology, still provides a good starting point for understanding the field.

Another grass species, Brachypodium distachyon is also an experimental model for understanding genetic, cellular and molecular biology.

A baby eastern bongo at Louisville Zoo in Kentucky. To illustrate significance of genetic diversity loss ; assume the average metapopulation size is 35 animals based on 140 animals spread across four populations ( 140 / 4 = 35 ).

* Fast SAT Solver-simple but fast implementation of SAT solver based on genetic algorithms

All known forms of life are based on the same fundamental biochemical organisation: genetic information encoded in DNA, transcribed into RNA, through the effect of protein-and RNA-enzymes, then translated into proteins by ( highly similar ) ribosomes, with ATP, NADH and others as energy sources, etc.

Recently, it has been possible to construct these trees using molecular data, based on similarities and differences between genetic and protein sequences.

Examples of genetic classification include methods based on the relative frequency of different air mass types or locations within synoptic weather disturbances.

The first major challenge to conventional eugenics based upon genetic inheritance was made in 1915 by Thomas Hunt Morgan, who demonstrated the event of genetic mutation occurring outside of inheritance involving the discovery of the hatching of a fruit fly with white eyes from a family and ancestry of the red-eyed Drosophila melanogaster species of fruit fly.

Morgan claimed that this demonstrated that major genetic changes occurred outside of inheritance and that the concept of eugenics based upon genetic inheritance was severely flawed.

A variety of classification schemes have been proposed that order genetically modified organisms based on the nature of introduced genotypical changes rather than the process of genetic engineering.

Genetically modified animals currently being developed can be placed into six different broad classes based on the intended purpose of the genetic modification:

In 2007, S. Elizabeth Alter used a genetic approach to estimate prewhaling abundance based on samples from 42 California gray whales, and reported DNA variability at 10 genetic loci consistent with a population size of 76, 000 – 118, 000 individuals, three to five times larger than the average census size as measured through 2007.

Other scholars have argued against Rushton's hypothesis on the basis that the concept of race is not supported by genetic evidence about the diversity of human populations, and that his research is based on folk taxonomies.

The presently accepted classification is based on molecular and genetic analysis.

The genetic classification the language is based entirely on phonology.

Macedonian, along with Bulgarian and the transitional southern Serbian varieties ( Torlakian ) also forms a part of the Balkan Sprachbund, a group of languages which share typological, grammatical and lexical features based on geographical convergence, rather than genetic proximity.

The predictions of neutral theory, based on genetic drift, do not fit recent data on whole genomes well: these data suggest that the frequencies of neutral alleles change primarily due to selection at linked sites, rather than due to genetic drift by means of sampling error.

For example, one strategy often in use is the artificial production of proteins, based on the genetic code ( DNA ).

Microbes are also exploited by people in biotechnology, both in traditional food and beverage preparation, and in modern technologies based on genetic engineering.

This suggests that the original genetic code was based on a smaller number of amino acids – only those available in prebiotic nature – than the current one.

The Kurgan hypothesis, currently the most widely held theory, is based on linguistic, archaeological, and genetic evidence, but is not universally accepted.

The study establishes, based on the impossibility of identifying any genetic indicators across caste lines, that castes in South Asia grew out of traditional tribal organizations during the formation of Indian society, and was not the product of any mythical " Aryan Invasion " and " subjugation " of Dravidian people, unlike what British racial-revanchist and revisionist claims would have one believe.

Macroscelideans have been interpreted as pseudoungulates as well, based on dental as well as genetic evidence.