In the 10th century, Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi carried out observations on the stars and described their positions, magnitudes and star color, and gave drawings for each constellation, in his Book of Fixed Stars.

Abd al-Rahman I, or, his full name by patronymic record, Abd al-Rahman ibn Mu ' awiya ibn Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan ( 731 – 788 ) ( Arabic: عبد الرحمن الداخل ) was the founder of the Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba ( 755 ), a Muslim dynasty that ruled the greater part of Iberia for nearly three centuries ( including the succeeding Caliphate of Córdoba ).

Born near Damascus in Syria, Abd al-Rahman, grandson of Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik, was the son of the Umayyad prince Mu ' awiyah ibn Hisham and a Berber mother.

Abd al-Rahman and a small selection of his family fled Damascus, where the center of Umayyad power had been ; people moving with him include his brother Yahiya, his four-year old son Sulayman, and some of his sisters, as well as his former Greek slave ( a freedman ), Bedr.

Abbasid agents closed in on Abd al-Rahman and his family while they were hiding in a small village.

Some histories indicate that Bedr met up with Abd al-Rahman at a later date.

Abd al-Rahman, Yahiya and Bedr quit the village narrowly escaping the Abbasid assassins.

Later, on the way south, Abbasid horsemen again caught up with the trio: Abd al-Rahman and his companions then threw themselves into the River Euphrates.

While trying to swim across the dangerous Euphrates, Abd al-Rahman is said to have become separated from his brother Yahiya, who began swimming back towards the horsemen, possibly from fear of drowning.

Al-Maqqari quotes prior Muslim historians as having recorded that Abd al-Rahman said he was so overcome with fear at that moment, that once he made the far shore he ran until exhaustion overcame him.

After barely escaping with their lives, Abd al-Rahman and Bedr continued south through Palestine, the Sinai, and then into Egypt.

Abd al-Rahman had to keep a low profile as he traveled.

At the time, Abd al-Rahman ibn Habib al-Fihri was the semi-autonomous governor of Ifriqiya ( roughly, modern Tunisia ) and a former Umayyad client.

Abd al-Rahman was only one of several surviving Umayyad family members to make their way to Ifriqiya at this time.

At the time, Abd al-Rahman and Bedr were keeping a low profile, staying in Kabylia, at the camp of a Nafza Berber chieftain friendly to their plight.

When Ibn Habib's soldiers entered the camp, the Berber chieftain ’ s wife Tekfah hid Abd al-Rahman under her personal belongings to help him go unnoticed.

In 755, Abd al-Rahman and Bedr reached modern day Morocco near Ceuta.

Their next step would be to cross the sea to al-Andalus, where Abd al-Rahman could not have been sure whether or not he would be welcomed.

At that moment, the nominal ruler of al-Andalus, emir Yusuf ibn ' Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri ( another member of the Fihrid family, and a favorite of the old Arab settlers ( baladiyun ), mostly of south Arabian or ' Yemenite ' tribal stock ) was locked in a contest with his vizier ( and son-in-law ) al-Sumayl ibn Hatim al-Qilabi, the head of the new settlers ( shamiyum, the Syrian junds or military regiments, mostly of north Arabian Qaysid tribes, which had arrived only in 742 ).

Mutarrif ibn Muhammad ibn Qasi, Abd Allah's brother, rushed to relieve the city, and Abd Allah was ransomed, his daughter Urraca and probably son Fortun ibn Abd Allah being given as hostages.

But Basra's new governor Abd Allah ibn al-Harith sided with Ibn al-Zubayr, and had Mas ' ud killed the following spring ; some traditions add, probably accurately, that Ubayd Allah and Mas ' ud had complained about Ibn al-Harith's corruption ( again, probably accurately-but the Basrans did not then care ) with a view to regaining for Ubayd Allah his command.

Abu Bakr's full name was ' Abd Allah ibn ' Uthman ibn Aamir ibn Amr ibn Ka ' ab ibn Sa ' ad ibn Taym ( from whom the at-Taymi al-Quraishi ) ibn Murrah ibn Ka ' ab ibn Lu ' ai ibn Ghalib ibn Fihr al-Quraishi.

The lineage of Muhammad was: Muhammad ; the son of Abd Allah ibn Abd al Muttalib ; the son of Abdul Muttalib ; the son of Hashim ibn ' Abd Manaf ; the son of Abd Manaf ibn Qusai ; the son of Qusai ibn Kilab ; the son of Kilab ibn Murrah ; the son of Murrah.

Qasr Al Abd was built by the governor of Ammon in 200 BC

Muwaffaq al-Din Muhammad ' Abd al-Latif ibn Yusuf al-Baghdadi (; 1162 – 1231 ), more commonly known as ' Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi or ' Abdallatif al-Baghdadi (), born in Baghdad, Iraq, was a celebrated physician, historian, Egyptologist and traveller, and one of the most voluminous writers of the Near East in his time.

Although the Umayyads did not have a historical presence in the region ( no member of the Umayyad family was known to have ever set foot in al-Andalus before ) and there were grave concerns about young Abd al-Rahman's inexperience, several of the lower-ranking Yemenite commanders felt they had little to lose and much to gain, and agreed to support the prince.

Abd al-Rahman landed at Almuñécar in al-Andalus, to the east of Málaga, in September 755 ; however his landing site was unconfirmed.

Upon landing in al-Andalus, Abd al-Rahman was greeted by clients Abu Uthman and Ibn Khalid and an escort of 300 cavalry.

One famous story which persisted through history related to a gift Abd al-Rahman was given while in Málaga.

The gift was a beautiful young slave girl, but Abd al-Rahman humbly returned her to her previous master.

Abd al-Rahman was apparently sagacious enough to expect such a plot.

This might have been fortunate timing for Abd al-Rahman, since he was still getting a solid foothold in al-Andalus.

Nevertheless, food was still scarce, and Abd al-Rahman's army suffered from hunger.

His mother died when he was quite young, and he was raised by his maternal grandfather, Abd Allah ibn Abd al-Latif Al ash-Sheikh who taught him the Quran and the principles of the Islam, an education which left an impact on him for the remainder of his life.

Yazid was happy to escape the financial strictness of Salih ibn Abd al-Rahman in Mesopotamia ( Iraq ).

In 1921 the Berbers under the leadership of Abd el Krim inflicted a grave defeat on the Spanish ( see Battle of Annual ), and were not pacified until 1926, when the Spanish Protectorate finally managed to control the area again.

During the first Arab-Khazar war in the 650's, a Muslim army under Abd ar-Rahman ibn Rabiah was defeated outside the town ( see Battle of Balanjar ).

Historical the movement gained unchallenged precedence in the Arabian peninsula through an alliance between Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab and the House of Muhammad ibn Saud who provided political and financial power for the religious revival represented by Ibn Abd al-Wahhab ( see Alliance with the House of Ibn Saud ).

His next stop was Tunis 598 AH where he happened to see Syakh ‘ Abd al -‘ Aziz al-Mahdawī whom he had met about six years before.

For the Persian miniature painter, see Abd al-Samad

" Sa ' ad replied, " but do you not see that Banu Hashim, Banu Zuhrah and Banu Abd al-Manaf are likely to kill you in retaliation?

` Abd Allah ibn ` Umar said: " Every innovation is misguidance, even if the people see it as something good.