In the year 1712, the Mughal Emperor Jahandar Shah, a grandson of Aurangzeb sent gifts to the Ottoman Sultan Ahmad III and refereed to himself as the Ottoman Sultan's devoted admirer.

Ahmad Shah Durrani ( c. 1722 – 1773 ) ( Pashto /), also known as Ahmad Shāh Abdālī ( Pashto / Persian: احمد شاه ابدالي ) and born as Ahmad < u > Kh </ u > ān, was the founder of the Durrani Empire ( Afghan Empire ) in 1747 and is regarded by many to be the founder of the modern state of Afghanistan .</ poem >

Ahmad Shah Massoud ( Aḥmad Šāh Mas ' ūd ; September 2, 1953 – September 9, 2001 ) was a political and military leader in Afghanistan.

Ahmad Shah Massoud was born on September 2, 1953 in Bazarak, Panjshir, Afghanistan.

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The Durrani Empire (, also referred to as the Last Afghan Empire ) was founded in 1747 by Ahmad Shah Durrani with its capital at Kandahar, Afghanistan.

With the support of various tribal leaders, Ahmad Shah Durrani extended Afghan control from Mashad in the west to Kashmir and Delhi in the east, and from the Amu Darya in the north to the Arabian Sea in the south.

Ahmad Shah then set out westward to take possession of Herat, which was ruled by Shahrukh Afshar.

Ahmad Shah and his forces invaded India four times, taking control of the Kashmir and the Punjab region.

After the death of Ahmad Shah in about 1772, his son Timur Shah became the next ruler of the Durrani dynasty who decided to make Kabul the new capital of the empire, and used Peshawar as the winter capital.

The Durrani Empire is considered the foundation of the modern state of Afghanistan, with Ahmad Shah Durrani being credited as " Father of the Nation ".

In October 1747 a loya jirga ( grand council ) concluded near the city of Kandahar with Ahmad Shah Durrani being selected as the new leader of the Afghans, thus the Durrani dynasty was founded.

Despite being younger than the other contenders, Ahmad Shah had several overriding factors in his favor.

In 1749, the Mughal ruler was induced to cede Sindh, the Punjab region and the important trans Indus River to Ahmad Shah in order to save his capital from Afghan attack.

Having thus gained substantial territories to the east without a fight, Ahmad Shah turned westward to take possession of Herat, which was ruled by Nader Shah's grandson, Shah Rukh of Persia, and then Mashhad ( in present-day Iran ).

In the 18th century it formed part of the dominion of Ahmad Khan Durrani, and so remained under his son Timur.

Ahmad Shah's successors governed so ineptly during a period of profound unrest that within fifty years of his death, the Durrani empire per se was at an end, and Afghanistan was embroiled in civil war.

Upon Ahmad Shah's death, the Durrani chieftains only reluctantly accepted Timur's accession.

This upset the delicate balance of Durrani tribal politics that Ahmad Shah had established and may have prompted Painda Khan and other Durrani chiefs to plot against the shah.

* Singh, Ganda ( 1959 ) Ahmad Shah Durrani: Father of Modern Afghanistan Asia Publishing House, London, OCLC 4341271

* Biography of Ahmad Shah Abdali ( Durrani )

Mirwais Hotak followed by Ahmad Shah Durrani unified Afghan tribes and founded the last Afghan Empire in the early 18th century.

After the inauguration or coronation, he became known as Ahmad Shah Durrani.

By 1751, Ahmad Shah Durrani and his Afghan army conquered the entire present-day Afghanistan, Pakistan, Khorasan and Kohistan provinces of Iran, along with Delhi in India.

* 1761 – The Third Battle of Panipat is fought in India between the Afghans under Ahmad Shah Durrani and the Marhatas.

However, with his campaigns in India exhausting the state treasury, and with his troops stretched thin throughout Central Asia, Ahmad Shah lacked sufficient resources to check the advance of Qing forces.

The main forces involved during that period in Kabul, northern, central and eastern Afghanistan were the Hezb-i Islami of Gulbuddin Hekmatyar directed by Pakistan, the Hezb-i Wahdat of Abdul Ali Mazari directed by Iran, the Ittehad-i Islami of Abdul Rasul Sayyaf supported by Saudi Arabia, the Junbish-i Milli of Abdul Rashid Dostum backed by Uzbekisten, the Harakat-i Islami of Hussain Anwari and the Shura-i Nazar operating as the regular Islamic State forces ( as agreed upon in the Peshawar Accords ) under the defense ministry of Ahmad Shah Massoud.

The Taliban started shelling Kabul in early 1995 but were defeated by forces of the Islamic State government under Ahmad Shah Massoud.

Hekmatyar and Dostum in January 1994 conducted the worst mass bombardment of Kabul during that period, but were eventually repelled by Islamic State forces of Ahmad Shah Massoud.

In late 1994, most of the militia factions which had been fighting in the battle for control of Kabul were defeated militarily by forces of the Islamic State's Secretary of Defense Ahmad Shah Massoud.

The Taliban started shelling Kabul in early 1995 but were defeated by the Islamic State forces of Ahmad Shah Massoud.

Ahmad Shah Massoud withdrew his forces from Kabul to the northern regions of Afghanistan where he and his former enemy Abdul Rashid Dostum created the United Front ( Northern Alliance ) against the Taliban that were preparing offensives against the remaining areas under the control of Massoud and those under the control of Dostum.

" The coup plotters are top fired Mauritania's security forces, which include General Muhammad Ould ' Abd Al -' Aziz, General Muhammad Ould Al-Ghazwani, General Philippe Swikri, and Brigadier General ( Aqid ) Ahmad Ould Bakri.

" The coup plotters are top fired Mauritania ’ s security forces, which include General Muhammad Ould ‘ Abd Al -‘ Aziz, General Muhammad Ould Al-Ghazwani, General Philippe Swikri, and Brigadier General ( Aqid ) Ahmad Ould Bakri.

" On November 17, 1958, the army's two senior generals, Major General Ibrahim Abboud, the armed forces commander, and Ahmad Abd al Wahab, seized power in a military coup.

At the same time most of the militia factions ( Hekmatyar's Hezb-i Islami, Dostum's Junbish-i Milli and Hezb-i Wahdat ) fighting in the battle for control of Kabul were defeated militarily by forces of the Islamic State's Defense Minister Ahmad Shah Massoud.

The Taliban, however, suffered a devastating defeat against government forces of the Islamic State under the command of Ahmad Shah Massoud.

Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf – then as Chief of Army Staff – was responsible for sending thousands of Pakistanis to fight alongside the Taliban and Bin Laden against the forces of Ahmad Shah Massoud.

He sent his army, along with the Syrian-backed Palestinian factions of as-Sa ' iqa and the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command ( PFLP-GC ) led by Ahmad Jibril to fight alongside the radical right-wing Christian forces against the PLO and the LNM.

* March 11 – In battle near Manupur ( 15 km northwest of Sirhind ), Mughal forces under Prince Ahmad Shah Bahadur are victorious against Ahmad Shah Durrani.

* April 24 – Battle of Sahart: The Emperor of Ethiopia defeated an attack by the forces of Imam Ahmad Gragn.

Besides Persian and Turkmen forces, Nader was accompanied by the young Ahmad Shah Durrani and 4, 000 well trained Pashtun troops from Afghanistan.

The Chinese Muslim Generals Ma Fuyuan and Ma Zhancang declared the destruction of the rebel forces and the returning of the area to the control of the Republic of China government, Chinese Muslim forces then executed the Turkic Muslim Emirs Abdullah Bughra and Nur Ahmad Jan Bughra.

However, this idea was rejected by Army Chief Ahmad Yani and Defence Minister Nasution, as this was tantamount to allowing the PKI to establish its own armed forces.

* Jack ♠: Ibrahim Ahmad Abd al-Sattar Muhammad, Iraqi armed forces chief of staff (# 13, was # 11 ) ( Died in Custody 2010 ).

He meets with his former bitter enemy, the senior commander of anti-Taliban forces, Ahmad Shah Masood, to discuss plans for a new northern front.