In the year 1712, the Mughal Emperor Jahandar Shah, a grandson of Aurangzeb sent gifts to the Ottoman Sultan Ahmad III and refereed to himself as the Ottoman Sultan's devoted admirer.

Ahmad Shah Durrani ( c. 1722 – 1773 ) ( Pashto /), also known as Ahmad Shāh Abdālī ( Pashto / Persian: احمد شاه ابدالي ) and born as Ahmad < u > Kh </ u > ān, was the founder of the Durrani Empire ( Afghan Empire ) in 1747 and is regarded by many to be the founder of the modern state of Afghanistan .</ poem >

Ahmad Shah Massoud ( Aḥmad Šāh Mas ' ūd ; September 2, 1953 – September 9, 2001 ) was a political and military leader in Afghanistan.

Ahmad Shah Massoud was born on September 2, 1953 in Bazarak, Panjshir, Afghanistan.

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The Durrani Empire (, also referred to as the Last Afghan Empire ) was founded in 1747 by Ahmad Shah Durrani with its capital at Kandahar, Afghanistan.

With the support of various tribal leaders, Ahmad Shah Durrani extended Afghan control from Mashad in the west to Kashmir and Delhi in the east, and from the Amu Darya in the north to the Arabian Sea in the south.

Ahmad Shah then set out westward to take possession of Herat, which was ruled by Shahrukh Afshar.

Ahmad Shah and his forces invaded India four times, taking control of the Kashmir and the Punjab region.

After the death of Ahmad Shah in about 1772, his son Timur Shah became the next ruler of the Durrani dynasty who decided to make Kabul the new capital of the empire, and used Peshawar as the winter capital.

The Durrani Empire is considered the foundation of the modern state of Afghanistan, with Ahmad Shah Durrani being credited as " Father of the Nation ".

In October 1747 a loya jirga ( grand council ) concluded near the city of Kandahar with Ahmad Shah Durrani being selected as the new leader of the Afghans, thus the Durrani dynasty was founded.

Despite being younger than the other contenders, Ahmad Shah had several overriding factors in his favor.

In 1749, the Mughal ruler was induced to cede Sindh, the Punjab region and the important trans Indus River to Ahmad Shah in order to save his capital from Afghan attack.

Having thus gained substantial territories to the east without a fight, Ahmad Shah turned westward to take possession of Herat, which was ruled by Nader Shah's grandson, Shah Rukh of Persia, and then Mashhad ( in present-day Iran ).

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Leaders such as Ahmad Shah Massoud received only minor aid compared to Hekmatyar and some of the other parties, although Massoud was named the " Afghan who won the cold war " by the Wall Street Journal.

The main forces involved during that period in Kabul, northern, central and eastern Afghanistan were the Hezb-i Islami of Gulbuddin Hekmatyar directed by Pakistan, the Hezb-i Wahdat of Abdul Ali Mazari directed by Iran, the Ittehad-i Islami of Abdul Rasul Sayyaf supported by Saudi Arabia, the Junbish-i Milli of Abdul Rashid Dostum backed by Uzbekisten, the Harakat-i Islami of Hussain Anwari and the Shura-i Nazar operating as the regular Islamic State forces ( as agreed upon in the Peshawar Accords ) under the defense ministry of Ahmad Shah Massoud.

Former Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf send more troops against the United Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan | United Front of Ahmad Shah Massoud than the Afghan Taliban.

Map of the situation in Afghanistan in late 1996 ; Ahmad Shah Massoud | Massoud ( red ), Abdul Rashid Dostum | Dostum ( green ) and Taliban ( yellow ) territories.

The Taliban started shelling Kabul in early 1995 but were defeated by forces of the Islamic State government under Ahmad Shah Massoud.

After the fall of Kabul to the Taliban on September 27, 1996, Ahmad Shah Massoud and Abdul Rashid Dostum, two former archnemesis, created the United Front ( Northern Alliance ) against the Taliban that were preparing offensives against the remaining areas under the control of Massoud and those under the control of Dostum.

In the areas under his control Ahmad Shah Massoud set up democratic institutions and signed the Women's Rights Charter.

As a consequence many civilians fled to the area of Ahmad Shah Massoud.

On 9 September 2001, Ahmad Shah Massoud was assassinated by two Arab suicide attackers inside Afghanistan and two days later about 3, 000 people became victims of the September 11, 2001 attacks in the United States.

With Ahmad Shah Massoud, he was one of the most respected mujahideen leaders.

::" Rare ceasefires, usually negotiated by representatives of Ahmad Shah Massoud, Sibghatullah Mojaddedi or Burhanuddin Rabbani ( the interim government ), or officials from the International Committee of the Red Cross ( ICRC ), commonly collapsed within days.

Hekmatyar and Dostum in January 1994 conducted the worst mass bombardment of Kabul during that period, but were eventually repelled by Islamic State forces of Ahmad Shah Massoud.

The Middle Ages have known many arabic writers who revolutionized the Arab world literature with authors like Ahmad al-Buni and Ibn Manzur and Ibn Khaldoun who wrote the Muqaddimah while staying in Algeria, and many others.

After the inauguration or coronation, he became known as Ahmad Shah Durrani.

* Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi (~ 1564 – 1624 ) was part of " a reassertion of orthodoxy within Sufism " and was known to his followers as the ' renovator of the second millennium '.

The diamond was traditionally known as Syamantaka-mani and later Madnayak or the " King of Jewels ", before being renamed " Kuh-e nur " in the 18th century by Nader Shah and Ahmad Shah Durrani of Khorasan after their conquest of India.

He took office following the retirement of Dato ' Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi ( colloquially known as " Pak Lah ") on April, 2009.

President Ahmad Tejan Kabbah announced in January 2002 that the Sierra Leone Army ( SLA ) would be unified with the tiny Sierra Leone Air Force and the moribund Sierra Leone Navy to form a reconstituted force known as the Republic of Sierra Leone Armed Forces ( RSLAF ).

There is the place known as “ Al Mashhad al Husain ”( Masjid Imam Husain, Cairo ), wherein lie buried underground thirteen Fatemi Imams from 9th Ahmad al Mastur to 20th al A ’ amir ).

After the conquest of Badakhshan by Ahmad Shah Durrani in the later half of the 18th century, the capital was relocated to Faizabad, then known as Jauzun.

Afterward, he became known in his neighborhood as Ahmad Sa ' ada after his mother Sa ' ada al-Habeel.

The first historical reference appears in the Arabic chronicle « muluk Akhbar Al-Andalus », history of the kings of Andalus, written between 887 and 955 by Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Razi, known among the Arabs with the nickname Al-Tariji ( the Chronicler ) and between Christians as the Moor Rasis.

Famous local Sheikhs include Abdirahman bin Isma ' il al-Jabarti, an early Muslim leader in northern Somalia ; Abadir Umar Ar-Rida, the patron saint of Harar ; Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti, Sheikh of the riwaq in Cairo who recorded the Napoleonic invasion of Egypt ; Abd Al-Rahman bin Ahmad al-Zayla ' i, scholar who played a crucial role in the spread of the Qadiriyyah movement in Somalia and East Africa ; Shaykh Sufi, 19th century scholar, poet, reformist and astrologist ; Abdallah al-Qutbi, polemicist, theologian and philosopher best known for his five-part Al-Majmu ' at al-mubaraka (" The Blessed Collection "); and Muhammad Al-Sumaalee, teacher in the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca who influenced many of the prominent Islamic scholars of today.

Veteran politician Ahmad Qavam ( also known as Ghavam os-Saltaneh ) was appointed as Iran's new prime minister.

Under the leadership of Abu Ahmad ’ s descendants, the Chishtiya as they are also known, flourished as a regional mystical order.

From his announcement of the Mahdiyya in June 1881 until the fall of Khartoum in January 1885, Muhammad Ahmad led a successful military campaign against the Turco-Egyptian government of the Sudan ( known as the Turkiyah ).

Colonel Ahmed Orabi or Ahmed Urabi (, ; April 1, 1841 – September 21, 1911 ; also known as Orabi Pasha, Ahmed Oraebi and Ahmed Pasha Orabi el-Masri ; his name was also transliterated Ahmad Arabi in older sources ) was an Egyptian army general, and nationalist who led a revolt in 1879 against Tewfik Pasha, the Khedive of Egypt and Sudan, and the increasing European domination of the country.

The National Assembly, known as the Majlis, convening as a constituent assembly on 12 December 1925, deposed the young Ahmad Shah Qajar, and declared Reza Shah the new monarch of the Imperial State of Persia.

Taqi al-Din Ahmad ibn ' Ali ibn ' Abd al-Qadir ibn Muhammad al-Maqrizi ( 1364 – 1442 ), Arabic:, was an Egyptian historian more commonly known as al-Maqrizi or Makrizi.

Abdullah Ahmad Badawi is known also as a poet.

The preparatory school opened to 142 students on October 5, 1920 in the former minister of education, Ahmad Khairy Pasha ’ s palace built in 1860 ’ s and known as Khairy Pasha palace,.

Landmarks claimed in the history of Salafi da ' wah are Ahmad ibn Hanbal ( d. 240 AH / 855 AD ) who is known among Salafis as Imam Ahl al-Sunnah, and one of the three scholars commonly titled with the honorific Sheikh ul-Islam, namely, Taqi ad-Deen Ibn Taymiyyah ( d. 728 AH / 1328 AD ) and Ibn al-Qayyim ( d. 751 AH / 1350 ).

* Followers of Muhammad Ahmad, the Sudanese self-proclaimed Mahdi, also known as Ansar