The argument against this last approach is comparable to that which rejects stories about hoop snakes, about snakes that break themselves into many pieces and join up again, or even of ghosts that chase people out of graveyards ; ;

The P.D.I. and later the Popular Movement protected the Istiqlal's `` privileged position '' until the fall of Balafrej, and then the Istiqlal used the same argument, which it had previously ignored, against the pro-U.N.F.P. tendencies of the Ibrahim government.

There is nonetheless considerable argument against the clause, softened though it be, on the grounds that Federal aid is so necessary to the public schools.

This has been used as an argument against the use of the axiom of choice.

Another argument against the axiom of choice is that it implies the existence of counterintuitive objects.

These facts were used as an argument against his succession, an oracle having warned Sparta against a " lame reign.

The " epistemic argument " against Platonism has been made by Paul Benacerraf and Hartry Field.

Kiernan ’ s argument against an early dating based on a mixture of forms is long and involved, but he concludes that the mixture of forms points to a comparatively straightforward history of the written text as:

Abelard in his Dialectica made an argument against the idea that the copula can express existence based on a reductio ad absurdum.

The argument is directed against the philosophical positions of functionalism and computationalism, which hold that the mind may be viewed as an information processing system operating on formal symbols.

Although it was originally presented in reaction to the statements of artificial intelligence researchers, it is not an argument against the goals of AI research, because it does not limit the amount of intelligence a machine can display.

The ad hominem argument was particularly used by the Howard Government against members of the Australian Labor Party.

An objection against the theist implication of the proposition is that even if one accepts the argument as a proof of a First Cause, it does not identify that First Cause with God.

In contrast, Dr. William Douglass proposed a more secular argument against inoculation, stressing the importance of reason over passion and urging the public to be pragmatic in their choices.

* Brains in a vat philosophical argument against the idea that we could be in cyberspace and not know it by Hilary Putnam

The first significant argument against dualism came from Thomas Hobbes's ( 1588 – 1679 ) materialist critique of the human person.

), Kant's Philosophy of Religion Re-examined ( Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991 ); an argument against Kant as deist is Stephen Palmquist's " Kant's Theistic Solution ".

He also presents an argument against qualia ; he argues that the concept is so confused that it cannot be put to any use or understood in any non-contradictory way, and therefore does not constitute a valid refutation of physicalism.

Another argument against the implementation of a school voucher system is its lack of accountability to the taxpayer.

If it can be claimed that it is ethical to limit the internet and other technology to only users who have the means to utilize these software, then there is no argument against the way things are at the moment ; there is no need to complain if all morality is in affect.

The argument against disclosure is that providing complete details or tools to malicious attackers, such as black hats and script kiddies, allows them to take advantage of vulnerabilities more quickly and makes attacks more widespread.

This explanation may imply that IQ tests do not necessarily measure a general intelligence factor, especially not Raven's as often argued, but instead may measure different types of intelligence that are developed by different experiences ( this argument is against the notion of an underlying general intelligence, or g factor ).

He famously put the point into dramatic relief with his 1939 essay " Proof of an External World ", in which he gave a common sense argument against scepticism by raising his right hand and saying " Here is one hand ," and then raising his left and saying " And here is another ," then concluding that there are at least two external objects in the world, and therefore that he knows ( by this argument ) that an external world exists.

A final argument is the Zoo hypothesis, which states that superintelligent extraterrestrial life exists and does not contact life on Earth to allow for its natural evolution and development.

This argument is embodied in the Copernican principle, which states that the Earth does not occupy a unique position in the Universe, and the mediocrity principle, which holds that there is nothing special about life on Earth.

This argument also assumes the mediocrity principle, which states that Earth is not special, but merely a typical planet, subject to the same laws, effects, and likely outcomes as any other world.

Craig Evans states that an argument in favor of the partial authenticity of the Testimonium is that the passage does not exaggerate the role played by the Jewish leaders in the death of Jesus.

A slippery slope argument states that a relatively small first step leads to a chain of related events culminating in some significant effect, much like an object given a small push over the edge of a slope sliding all the way to the bottom.

If S contains two elements that are not pairwise orthogonal ( in particular, the set of all quantum states includes such pairs ) then an argument like that given above shows that the answer is no.

" Ludwig von Mises states that he relaid the general sociological and economic foundations of the liberal doctrine upon utilitarianism, rather than natural law, but R. A. Gonce argues that " the reality of the argument constituting his system overwhelms his denial.

One common interpretation of the argument is that while one may have direct or privileged access to one's current mental states, there is no such infallible access to identifying previous mental states that one had in the past.

One argument states that Plautus writes with originality and creativity — the other, that Plautus is a copycat of Greek New Comedy and that he makes no original contribution to playwriting.

Academic reviews of the topic are more equivocal, noting that although the argument that animals have at least simple conscious thoughts and feelings has strong support, some critics continue to question how reliably animal mental states can be determined.

In the theory of formal languages in computability theory, a pumping lemma or pumping argument states that, for a particular language to be a member of a language class, any sufficiently long string in the language contains a section, or sections, that can be removed, or repeated any number of times, with the resulting string remaining in that language.

Since bundle theory states that all concrete particulars are merely constructions or ' bundles ' of attributes, or qualitive properties, the substance theorist's indiscernibility argument claims that the ability to recognize numerically different concrete particulars, such as concrete objects, requires those particulars to have discernible qualitative differences in their attributes and that the metaphysical realist who is also a bundle theorist must therefore concede to the existence of ' discernible ( numerically different ) concrete particulars ', the ' identity of indiscernibles ', and a ' principle of constituent identity '.

Traditionally, state supreme courts are headquartered in the capital cities of their respective states, though they may occasionally hold oral argument elsewhere.

If it were different, states would not have the right, nor be in a position, to maintain that minimum of order on which all civilized life rests .” Calling the concept a “ red herring ” he stated: “ This argument has been used by the terrorists themselves, arguing that there is no difference between their activities and those by governments and states.

University of Chicago geneticist James A. Shapiro, writing in the Boston Review, states that advancements in microbiology, molecular biology and genetics, in so far as they overlap with information science, introduces hard science with implications for the teleological argument.

Borrowing from Aristotle's Physics and Metaphysics, they employed two logical arguments against an infinite past, the first being the " argument from the impossibility of the existence of an actual infinite ", which states:

The second argument, the " argument from the impossibility of completing an actual infinite by successive addition ", states:

) The court also rejected as an argument the potential lack of inter-state conformity that might result from a legal recognition of same-sex marriages in Vermont, pointing out that Vermont already allowed for certain marriage contracts not recognized by other states ( including first-cousin marriages ), and noting that such concerns had not prevented the passage of similarly unique laws allowing same-sex couples to adopt.

The argument further states that meta-ethical relativists, by contrast, cannot condemn theft, rape or genocide ( nor commend generosity, marriage, or the preservation of life ) without relying on the assumption of an objective source for morality.

Regarding the argument of implausibility of Muslims fabricating the story, Shahab Ahmed in the Encyclopedia of the Qur ' an states that " the widespread acceptance of the incident by early Muslims suggests, however, that they did not view the incident as inauspicious and that they would presumably not have, on this basis at least, been adverse to inventing it.

The government's argument was that the communist states had been in fact forced to recognise the GDR and should not be punished for that.

This argument states that if nothing had happened, nothing would have happened, and doesn't take much of a stand in explaining why Antigone returned for the second burial when the first would have fulfilled her religious obligation, regardless of how stubborn she was.