A final argument is the Zoo hypothesis, which states that superintelligent extraterrestrial life exists and does not contact life on Earth to allow for its natural evolution and development.

This argument is embodied in the Copernican principle, which states that the Earth does not occupy a unique position in the Universe, and the mediocrity principle, which holds that there is nothing special about life on Earth.

This argument also assumes the mediocrity principle, which states that Earth is not special, but merely a typical planet, subject to the same laws, effects, and likely outcomes as any other world.

Craig Evans states that an argument in favor of the partial authenticity of the Testimonium is that the passage does not exaggerate the role played by the Jewish leaders in the death of Jesus.

A slippery slope argument states that a relatively small first step leads to a chain of related events culminating in some significant effect, much like an object given a small push over the edge of a slope sliding all the way to the bottom.

If S contains two elements that are not pairwise orthogonal ( in particular, the set of all quantum states includes such pairs ) then an argument like that given above shows that the answer is no.

" Ludwig von Mises states that he relaid the general sociological and economic foundations of the liberal doctrine upon utilitarianism, rather than natural law, but R. A. Gonce argues that " the reality of the argument constituting his system overwhelms his denial.

One common interpretation of the argument is that while one may have direct or privileged access to one's current mental states, there is no such infallible access to identifying previous mental states that one had in the past.

One argument states that Plautus writes with originality and creativity — the other, that Plautus is a copycat of Greek New Comedy and that he makes no original contribution to playwriting.

Academic reviews of the topic are more equivocal, noting that although the argument that animals have at least simple conscious thoughts and feelings has strong support, some critics continue to question how reliably animal mental states can be determined.

In the theory of formal languages in computability theory, a pumping lemma or pumping argument states that, for a particular language to be a member of a language class, any sufficiently long string in the language contains a section, or sections, that can be removed, or repeated any number of times, with the resulting string remaining in that language.

Since bundle theory states that all concrete particulars are merely constructions or ' bundles ' of attributes, or qualitive properties, the substance theorist's indiscernibility argument claims that the ability to recognize numerically different concrete particulars, such as concrete objects, requires those particulars to have discernible qualitative differences in their attributes and that the metaphysical realist who is also a bundle theorist must therefore concede to the existence of ' discernible ( numerically different ) concrete particulars ', the ' identity of indiscernibles ', and a ' principle of constituent identity '.

Traditionally, state supreme courts are headquartered in the capital cities of their respective states, though they may occasionally hold oral argument elsewhere.

If it were different, states would not have the right, nor be in a position, to maintain that minimum of order on which all civilized life rests .” Calling the concept a “ red herring ” he stated: “ This argument has been used by the terrorists themselves, arguing that there is no difference between their activities and those by governments and states.

University of Chicago geneticist James A. Shapiro, writing in the Boston Review, states that advancements in microbiology, molecular biology and genetics, in so far as they overlap with information science, introduces hard science with implications for the teleological argument.

Borrowing from Aristotle's Physics and Metaphysics, they employed two logical arguments against an infinite past, the first being the " argument from the impossibility of the existence of an actual infinite ", which states:

The second argument, the " argument from the impossibility of completing an actual infinite by successive addition ", states:

) The court also rejected as an argument the potential lack of inter-state conformity that might result from a legal recognition of same-sex marriages in Vermont, pointing out that Vermont already allowed for certain marriage contracts not recognized by other states ( including first-cousin marriages ), and noting that such concerns had not prevented the passage of similarly unique laws allowing same-sex couples to adopt.

The argument further states that meta-ethical relativists, by contrast, cannot condemn theft, rape or genocide ( nor commend generosity, marriage, or the preservation of life ) without relying on the assumption of an objective source for morality.

Regarding the argument of implausibility of Muslims fabricating the story, Shahab Ahmed in the Encyclopedia of the Qur ' an states that " the widespread acceptance of the incident by early Muslims suggests, however, that they did not view the incident as inauspicious and that they would presumably not have, on this basis at least, been adverse to inventing it.

The government's argument was that the communist states had been in fact forced to recognise the GDR and should not be punished for that.

`` The argument that is cutting most ice is that Hearst is the only candidate who is fighting the trusts fearlessly and who would use all the powers of government to disrupt them if he were elected.

Obviously, a satisfactory answer to the third question is imperative, if the argument is to get under way at all, for if there is any possibility of doubt whether the patient's tactual sensitivity had been impaired by the occipital lesion, any findings whatsoever in regard to the first question become completely ambiguous and fail altogether, of course, as evidence to establish the desired conclusion.

Yet, if the argument is turned awry, there may be found a great deal in Bryan's view, after all.

Added to the argument was the fact that while she might have tasted the coffee if it had been still hot, she might even have drunk some of it, she wouldn't have taken enough to kill her, for she would have been warned by its taste.

Hence, such an appellate court will not consider an appellant's argument if it is based on a theory that is raised for the first time in the appeal.

The first function is assumed, if the expression in the argument contains more characters or, than characters, and the second function is assumed in the opposite case.

The cost argument advanced by ACSI and others prevailed in keeping religious institutions from being labeled as " public accommodations ", and thus churches were permitted to remain inaccessible if they choose.

Both theist and nontheist philosophers have accepted that, if objective moral truths exist, then God must too exist ; the argument from moral objectivity asserts that objective moral truths do exist, and that God must exist too.

An argument for the value of art, used in the fictional work ' The Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy ', proceeds that, if some external force presenting imminent destruction of Earth asked humanity what it's value was -- what should humanity's response be?

whereas if X is a complex Banach space, then the polarization identity is given by ( assuming that scalar product is linear in first argument ):

Glaeser furthers his argument by stating that bigger cities do not pay more for equal productivity than in a smaller city, so it is reasonable to assume that workers become more productive if they move to a city twice the size as they initially worked in.

By simply denying that an efficient first cause is problematic, being easily explained as the creative action of an omnipotent God, medieval theologians re-purposed and enhanced Aristotle's argument, as if the intention had been to prove God's existence.

An objection against the theist implication of the proposition is that even if one accepts the argument as a proof of a First Cause, it does not identify that First Cause with God.

Furthermore, even if one chooses to accept God as the First Cause, there is an argument that God's continued interaction with the Universe is not required.

Saint Thomas Aquinas ’ argument from contingency applies even if the universe had no beginning, but it would still have to be sustained in being at any particular moment by God.

For example, if function div stands for the division operation x / y, then div with the parameter x fixed at 1 ( i. e., div 1 ) is another function: the same as the function inv that returns the multiplicative inverse of its argument, defined by inv ( y )

At the beginning of the second meditation, having reached what he considers to be the ultimate level of doubt — his argument from the existence of a deceiving god — Descartes examines his beliefs to see if any have survived the doubt.

Kierkegaard's argument can be made clearer if one extracts the premise " I think " into two further premises:

I am glad that he has been courageous enough and logical enough to admit that his argument, if pushed as far as it must go, if worth anything, would prove that men may have come from the Ourang-Outang.

For example, if we can enumerate all such definable numbers by the Gödel numbers of their defining formulas then we can use Cantor's diagonal argument to find a particular real that is not first-order definable in the same language.

A similar argument can be used to show that if we imagine the slit to be divided into four, six, eight parts, etc., minima are obtained at angles θ < sub > n </ sub > given by

This helps support distributism's argument that smaller units, families if possible, ought to be in control of the means of production, rather than the large units typical of modern economies.

The argument is that if the money supply is constant, increases in the cost of a good or service will decrease the money available for other goods and services, and therefore the price of some those goods will fall and offset the rise in price of those goods whose prices have increased.