Some argue that this supports epiphenomenalism, since it shows that the feeling of making a decision to act is actually an epiphenomenon ; the action happens before the decision, so the decision did not cause the action to occur.

He says that the view that mind is an epiphenomenon of brain activity is not consistent with evolutionary theory, because if mind were functionless, it would have disappeared long ago, as it would not have been favoured by evolution.

Wavefunction collapse can be viewed as an epiphenomenon of quantum decoherence, which in turn is nothing more than an effect of the underlying local time evolution of the wavefunction of a system and all of its environment.

It is only an epiphenomenon or secondary phenomenon, secondary to the causal power of matter.

Often there is an implication that the epiphenomenon exerts no causal agency on the fundamental phenomena that explain it.

In medicine, an epiphenomenon is a secondary symptom seemingly unrelated to the original disease or disorder.

For example, having an increased risk of breast cancer concurrent with taking an antibiotic is an epiphenomenon.

In the more general use of the word a causal relationship between the phenomena is implied: the epiphenomenon is a consequence of the primary phenomenon ; however, in medicine this relationship is typically not implied: an epiphenomenon may occur independently, and is merely called an epiphenomenon because it is not the primary phenomenon under study.

( A side-effect is a specific kind of epiphenomenon that does occur as a direct consequence.

An epiphenomenon can be an effect of primary phenomena, but cannot affect a primary phenomenon.

The reality of wave function collapse has always been debated, i. e., whether it is a fundamental physical phenomenon in its own right or just an epiphenomenon of another process, such as quantum decoherence.

In Consciousness Explained, Daniel Dennett ' distinguishes between a purely metaphysical sense of epiphenomenalism, in which the epiphenomenon has no causal impact at all, and Huxley's " steam whistle " epiphenomenalism, in which effects exist but are not functionally relevant.

In 1993 a group of researchers reviewed both DID and borderline personality disorder ( BPD ), concluding that DID was an epiphenomenon of BPD, with no tests or clinical description capable of distinguishing between the two.

For example, formal dualism regards the opposites as mutually exclusive entities, whilst monism finds each to be an epiphenomenon of the other.

This idea is expressed in some theories that say consciousness is an emergent epiphenomenon that cannot be reduced to physiological properties of neurons.

Some eliminativists, such as Frank Jackson, claim that consciousness does not exist except as an epiphenomenon of brain function ; others, such as Georges Rey, claim that the concept will eventually be eliminated as neuroscience progresses.

She viewed consciousness as an epiphenomenon of excitation and inhibition of motor discharge.

The second notion, methodological individualism, is the idea that actors are the central theoretical and ontological elements in social systems, and social structure is an epiphenomenon, a result and consequence of the actions and activities of interacting individuals.

: Life is not an epiphenomenon of matter but an emergent from it ... The new character or quality which the vital physico-chemical complex possesses stands to it as soul or mind to the neural basis.

:" Theories of evolution which, because of the philosophies which inspire them, regard the spirit either as emerging from the forces of living matter, or as a simple epiphenomenon of that matter, are incompatible with the truth about man.

It is also important to note that these observations were made in a number of different expression systems and therefore functional selectivity is not just an epiphenomenon of one particular expression system.

They think, perforce, of physical survival: everything else is secondary.

For this reason, the more uncertain skywave service was denominated `` secondary '' in our rules, as compared to the steadier, more reliable groundwave `` primary service '', and, for both skywave service and skywave interference, signal strength is expressed in terms of percentage of time a particular signal-intensity level is exceeded -- 50 percent of the time for skywave service, 10 percent of the time for skywave interference.

It is characterized by the presence of incompletely developed secondary lobules ; ;

Though there is obviously great need for continued experimentation with various types of short-term intervention to further efforts in developing an operational definition of prevention at the secondary -- or perhaps, in some instances, primary -- level, the place of short-term intervention has already been documented by a number of investigators in a wide variety of settings.

Preliminary evidence tentatively indicates that the molecule ( metabolite 1 ) ) is cleaved at a secondary amide bond.

The Roman Catholic natural-law tradition regards as self-evident that the primary objective purpose of the conjugal act is procreation and that the fostering of the mutual love of the spouses is the secondary and subjective end.

Their secondary hero is another pro, Willie Chisholm, who drank his lunch during another Open and tried to blast his way out of a rock-strewn gully.

It means to do it and to know one is doing it, but as only a secondary if certain effect of the good one primarily does and intends.

The secondary literature on Aristotle is vast.

This response is mostly secondary because salamanders have been observed to remain stationary near odoriferous prey but only feed if it moves.

Asparagales have a method of secondary thickening which is otherwise only found inDioscorea ( in the order Disoscoreales ).

The stamens are usually found around the style, either aggregated densely or fused into a tube, probably an adaptation in association with the plunger ( brush ; or secondary ) pollination that is common among the families of the order, wherein pollen is collected and stored on the length of the pistil.

An abugida ( from Ge ‘ ez አቡጊዳ ’ äbugida ), also called an alphasyllabary, is a segmental writing system in which consonant – vowel sequences are written as a unit: each unit is based on a consonant letter, and vowel notation is secondary.

Proline is the only proteinogenic amino acid whose side-group links to the α-amino group and, thus, is also the only proteinogenic amino acid containing a secondary amine at this position.

The ideal grade is called " Deep Siberian " and has a primary purple hue of around 75 – 80 %, with 15 – 20 % blue and ( depending on the light source ) red secondary hues.

In this case, the arthritis is considered to be secondary to the main disease ; these include:

The primary is of magnitude 5. 6 and the secondary is of magnitude 9. 6.

The primary ( ζ < sup > 1 </ sup > Ant ) is of magnitude 5. 8, though it is a double star with a primary of magnitude 6. 2 and a secondary of magnitude 7. 0.

The field, then, is ripe for new Southerners to step to the fore and write of this twentieth-century phenomenon, the Southern Yankeefication: the new urban economy, the city-dweller, the pains of transition, the labor problems ; ;

This bold self-assertion, after decades of humble subservience, is indeed a twentieth-century phenomenon, an abrupt change in the Southern way of existence.

One, a reservation on the point I have just made, is the phenomenon of pseudo-thinking, pseudo-feeling, and pseudo-willing, which Fromm discussed in The Escape From Freedom.

Because of the means of publication -- science-fiction magazines and cheap paperbacks -- and because dystopian science fiction is still appearing in quantity the full range and extent of this phenomenon can hardly be known, though one fact is evident: the science-fiction imagination has been immensely fertile in its extrapolations.

What makes the current phenomenon unique is that so many science-fiction writers have reversed a trend and turned to writing works critical of the impact of science and technology on human life.

I would, however, like to suggest that, wrong though I may be, the tendency to see dilemmas rather than solutions is one of which I have been a victim ever since I can remember, and therefore not merely a senile phenomenon.

This is a phenomenon familiar to all radio listeners, resulting from reflection of skywave signals at night from the ionized layer in the upper atmosphere known as the ionosphere.

Zodiacal light and the gegenschein give some evidence for such a dust blanket, a phenomenon also to be expected if the dust before capture is in circular orbits about the sun, as indicated by the trend of the smaller visible meteors.

The Maturity Chart for each sex demonstrates clearly that Onset is a phenomenon of infancy and early childhood whereas Completion is a phenomenon of the later portion of adolescence.

that is, we may discuss the phenomenon in terms of its departures from the binomial model.

Autosuggestibility, the reaction of the subject in such a way as to conform to his own expectations of the outcome ( i.e., that the arm-rise is a reaction to the pressure exerted in the voluntary contraction, because of his knowledge that `` to every reaction there is an equal and opposite reaction '' ) also seems inadequate as an explanation for the following reasons: ( 1 ) the subjects' apparently genuine experience of surprise when their arms rose, and ( 2 ) manifestations of the phenomenon despite anticipations of something else happening ( e.g., of becoming dizzy and maybe falling, an expectation spontaneously volunteered by one of the subjects ).

this is a question which I have no wish to take up -- condensation is a phenomenon in which one finds not a condensed expression of various feelings and ideas which are, at an unconscious level, well sorted out, but rather a condensed expression of feelings and ideas which, even in the unconscious, have yet to become well differentiated from one another.

The paper has a certain value as a comparatively easy introduction to this approach, particularly since it treats a fairly simple and straightforward phenomenon where it is possible to compare it with a more traditional ( though not structural ) statement.

Sprouting is a naturally occurring phenomenon in stored potatoes, onions, carrots, beets, and similar root vegetables.

At low thicknesses a cutting ( or shearing ) phenomenon is often encountered.

Every dream, and this is true of a mental image of any type even though it may be readily interpreted into its equivalent of wakeful thought, is a psychic phenomenon for which no explanation is available.

The concept of unity, in which positive and negative are attributes of the same force, in which good and evil are relative, ever-changing, and always joined to the same phenomenon -- such a concept is still reserved to the physical sciences and to the few who have grasped the history of ideas.