* Anomalous X-ray scattering ( MAD or SAD phasing ) – the X-ray wavelength may be scanned past an absorption edge of an atom, which changes the scattering in a known way.

* In astronomy, as an abbreviation for Anomalous X-ray pulsar

* Anomalous X-ray pulsar

Anomalous perturbations are divided into two categories based on the magnitude of its effects, Macro-AP and Micro-AP.

** Anomalous dynamics ( Random walk # Anomalous diffusion ), the stochastic motion of objects with mean squared displacement ( MSD ) that deviates from the relation for normal dynamics, MSD ~ t, where t is the time the process is seen ; anomalous dynamics are either faster than normal dynamics ( MSD > t ) or slower ( MSD < t )

Anomalous dispersion can also be used to produce group and phase velocities that are in different directions.

Among these are the Koestler Parapsychology Unit at the University of Edinburgh ; the Parapsychology Research Group at Liverpool Hope University ( this closed in April 2011 ); the SOPHIA Project at the University of Arizona ; the Consciousness and Transpersonal Psychology Research Unit of Liverpool John Moores University ; the Center for the Study of Anomalous Psychological Processes at the University of Northampton ; and the Anomalistic Psychology Research Unit at Goldsmiths, University of London.

* Anomalous increase of the astronomical unit: Recent measurements indicate that planetary orbits are widening faster than if this were solely through the sun losing mass by radiating energy.

Cepheid variables are divided into several subclasses which exhibit markedly different masses, ages, and evolutionary histories: Classical Cepheids, Type II Cepheids, Anomalous Cepheids, and Dwarf Cepheids.

Anomalous meteorites are members of well-established groups that are different enough in some important property to merit distinction from the other members.

Anomalous propagation ( shorten as Anoprop ) includes different forms of electromagnetic ( EM ) wave propagation that are not encountered in a standard atmosphere due to a non standard distribution of temperature and humidity with height in the atmosphere.

Anomalous planes are planes which do not fit into other categories.

Anomalous theories have been studied in great detail and are often founded on the celebrated Atiyah – Singer index theorem or variations thereof ( see, for example, the chiral anomaly ).

An example of Anomalous operation would be the use of Psi to manipulate a random number generator into giving out pre-selected results, or causing a compass needle to change its heading.

Davidson, for example, subscribes to Anomalous Monism, according to which there can be no strict psycho-physical laws which connect mental and physical events under their descriptions as mental and physical events.

Anomalous propagation can be a limiting factor for the propagation of radiowaves, especially the super refraction.

" Anomalous diffusion " commonly refers only to this very generic model, and not the many other possibilities that might be described as anomalous.

Anomalous operation, also known as anomalous perturbation, is any paranormal phenomena in which it is said that an individual ( a ) uses Psi ( parapsychology ) to influence a physical event, or ( b ) to effect a physical change, in object.

Anomalous dispersion happens in areas of rapid spectral variation with respect to the refractive index.

Anomalous dispersion plays a fundamental role in achieving backward propagating and superluminal light.

He was, for the final years of his life, president of the Association for the Scientific Study of Anomalous Phenomena.

Clutter may also originate from multipath echoes from valid targets caused by ground reflection, atmospheric ducting or ionospheric reflection / refraction ( e. g. Anomalous propagation ).

On the other hand, Anomalous Diffraction Theory applies to optically soft but larger particles.

Anomalous compared with the three distinctions already made is the small region of the Oltrepò Pavese, formed by the Apennine foothills beyond the Po River.

* “ Functionalism and Anomalous Monism ”, in Ernest LePore and Brian McLaughlin, eds., Actions and Events: Perspectives on the Philosophy of Donald Davidson ( Blackwell, Oxford, 1985 ), pp. 387 – 98

Anomalous Propagation ( AP ) refers to false radar echoes usually observed when calm, stable atmospheric conditions, often associated with super refraction in a temperature inversion, direct the radar beam toward the ground.

Anomalous Propagation is different from ground clutter, ocean reflections ( sea clutter ), biological returns from birds and insects, debris, chaff, sand storms, volcanic eruption plumes, and other non-precipitation meteorological phenomena.

From 1984 – 1986, Kazuma Yamane studied the development of cute handwriting, which he called Anomalous Female Teenage Handwriting, in depth.

In 2011, Bem published the article " Feeling the Future: Experimental Evidence for Anomalous Retroactive Influences on Cognition and Affect " in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology that offered statistical evidence for psi.

* Nocturnal Lights ( NL ): Anomalous lights seen in the night sky.

During the following decade, the magnetar hypothesis has become widely accepted as a likely explanation for soft gamma repeaters ( SGRs ) and anomalous X-ray pulsars ( AXPs ).

For example, there are persons who are in physical science, in the field of mineralogy, trained in crystallography, who use only X-rays, applying only the powder technique of X-ray diffraction, to clay minerals only, and who have spent the last fifteen years concentrating on the montmorillonites ; ;

Crystallographic data resulting mainly from X-ray and electron diffraction measurements are presented.

The data presented are derived almost entirely from X-ray diffraction measurements and include atomic coordinates, cell dimensions, and atomic and ionic radii.

For irradiation of food, the results obtained depend upon the dose rather than the specific type of radiation, and X-ray, gamma, and high-energy electron radiation are suitable.

They are used as an insoluble heavy additive to oil well drilling fluid, and in purer form, as X-ray radiocontrast agents for imaging the human gastrointestinal tract.

Hot electron emitters are also used as the electrodes in fluorescent lamps and in the source tubes of X-ray machines.

As the contrast agent flows through the AVM structure, a sequence of X-ray images are obtained.

The variations in temperature are often correlated with changes in the X-ray emission.

These are capable of the most severe types of molecular damage, which can happen in biology to any type of biomolecule, including mutation and cancer, and often at great depths from the skin, since the higher end of the X-ray spectrum, and all of the gamma ray spectrum, are penetrating to matter.

This is most obvious in the " far " ( or " extreme ") ultraviolet, and also X-ray and gamma radiation, are referred to as ionizing radiation due to the ability of photons of this radiation to produce ions and free radicals in materials ( including living tissue ).

The advantages of electron diffraction over X-ray crystallography are that the specimen need not be a single crystal or even a polycrystalline powder, and also that the Fourier transform reconstruction of the object's magnified structure occurs physically and thus avoids the need for solving the phase problem faced by the X-ray crystallographers after obtaining their X-ray diffraction patterns of a single crystal or polycrystalline powder.

Clusters are quite prominent in X-ray surveys and along with AGN are the brightest X-ray emitting extragalactic objects.

Moseley's experiments in X-ray spectroscopy showed directly from their physics that cobalt and nickel have the different atomic numbers, 27 and 28, and that they are placed in the Periodic Table correctly by Moseley's objective measurements of their atomic numbers.

Hence, Moseley's discovery demonstrated that the atomic numbers of elements are not just rather arbitrary numbers based on chemistry and the intuition of chemists, but rather, they have a firm experimental basis from the physics of their X-ray spectra.

X-ray spectrometers are the foundation-stones of X-ray crystallography.

These are next diffracted by a standardized salt crystal, with angular results read out as photographic lines by the exposure of an X-ray film fixed at the outside the vacuum tube at a known distance.

Many of the techniques of X-ray spectroscopy were inspired by the methods that are used with visible light spectroscopes and spectrograms, by substituting crystals, ionization chambers, and photographic plates for their analogs in light spectroscopy.