The Renaissance and fall of the Byzantine Empire ( 1453 ) was accompanied by an influx of Greek scholars and manuscripts to the West, allowing direct comparison between the Arabic commentaries and the original Greek texts of Galen.

The earliest surviving documentary evidence for the use of the hand cannon, considered the oldest type of portable firearm and a forerunner of the handgun, are from several Arabic manuscripts dated to the 14th century.

For centuries his book was obscure, even within the Muslim world, but in the early 19th century extracts were published in German and English based on manuscripts discovered in the Middle East, containing abridged versions of Ibn Juzayy's Arabic text.

The Libro de juegos manuscript was a Castilian translation of Arabic texts, which were themselves translations of Persian manuscripts.

The Almagest was preserved, like most of Classical Greek science, in Arabic manuscripts ( hence its familiar name ).

A collection of one hundred aphorisms about astrology called the Centiloquium, ascribed to Ptolemy, was widely reproduced and commented on by Arabic, Latin and Hebrew scholars, and often bound together in medieval manuscripts after the Tetrabiblos as a kind of summation.

His Optics is a work that survives only in a poor Arabic translation and in about twenty manuscripts of a Latin version of the Arabic, which was translated by Eugene of Palermo ( c. 1154 ).

In 1959, Professor A. J. Arberry, a distinguished scholar of Persian and Arabic, attempted to produce a scholarly edition of Khayyam, based on thirteenth-century manuscripts.

Its existence in the 9th century is attested by Arabic manuscripts.

* 1984 – Muhsin Mahdi publishes an Arabic edition which he claims is faithful to the oldest Arabic versions surviving ( primarily based on the Syrian manuscript in the Bibliothèque Nationale in combination with other early manuscripts of the Syrian branch ).

The White collection contained some Arabic manuscripts, so Murray learnt Arabic ( in addition to his native English and German ) and examined many historical chess documents.

It possesses about 3500 volumes, almost 800 manuscripts, about 200 lithographs in Arabic and Persian and about 700 rare and early Armenian books-most of which were donated by Dr Caro Minasian.

Already proficient in Latin and Greek, he studied Hebrew and Arabic in Padua with Elia del Medigo, a Jewish Averroist, and read Aramaic manuscripts with him as well.

The manuscript collection of the University of Tehran includes over 17, 000 volumes of manuscripts in Persian, Arabic and Turkish.

John Payne, Aladdin and the Enchanted Lamp and Other Stories, ( London 1901 ) gives details of Galland's encounter with the man he referred to as " Hanna " and the discovery in the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris of two Arabic manuscripts containing Aladdin ( with two more of the " interpolated " tales ).

English translations of the Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity were available from 1812, while Arabic manuscripts of the al-Fawz al-Asghar and The Epistles of Ikhwan al-Safa were also available at the University of Cambridge by the 19th century.

But everything of which he could cheat his appetite was spent on Arabic books, and when he had read all that was then printed he thirsted for manuscripts, and in March 1738 started on foot for Hamburg, joyous though totally unprovided, on his way to Leiden and the treasures of the Warnerianum.

Through Schultens too he got at Arabic manuscripts, and was even allowed sub rosa to take them home with him.

The most famous example of this later Hermetica is the Emerald Tablet, known from medieval Latin and Arabic manuscripts with a possible Syriac source.

At Aleppo he studied the Arabic language, and collected many valuable manuscripts.

A Chinese alchemical text dated 492 noted saltpeter burnt with a purple flame, providing a practical and reliable means of distinguishing it from other inorganic salts, thus enabling alchemists to evaluate and compare purification techniques ; the earliest Arabic and Latin accounts of saltpeter purification are dated after 1200.

An Arabic manuscript, dated 1200, titled Anatomy of the Eye, authored by al-Mutadibih.

The oldest known dated Arabic manuscript on paper in Leiden, ( dated 319 ( 931 AD ))

* The earliest surviving dated Arabic papyrus, PERF 558, and the earliest known Arabic text with diacritical marks is written.

Some coins dated 1888 and 1889 have an inverted Arabic 1 instead of the second I in VICTORIA as the result of a broken punch.

The first results of his extensive studies in Oriental literature, Arabic language and history, manifested themselves in 1847, when he published a translation from Abdelwahid al-Marrakushi, born 1185, resident in South Spain between 1208 and 1217, leaving then for Egypt and visiting Mecca in 1221, dated 1224, Kitab al-mujib fi talkhis akhbar ahl al-Maghrib under the title The history of the Almohads, preceded by a sketch of the history of Spain from the time of the conquest till the reign of Yusuf ibn Tashfin, and of the history of the Almoravids, printed again in 1881 and reprinted in 1968.

The Arabic version of Aristotle ’ s Poetics that influenced the Middle Ages was translated from a Greek manuscript dated to sometime prior to the year 700.

Among the oldest archaeological artefacts inscribed with Arabic script are ; a tombstone of Syeikh Rukunuddin dated 48 AH ( 672 CE ) in Barus, Sumatra ; a tombstone dated 290 AH ( 910 CE ) on the mausoleum of Syeikh Abdul Qadir Ibn Husin Syah Alam located in Alor Setar, Kedah ; a tombstone found in Pekan, Pahang dated 419 AH ( 1026 CE ); a tombstone discovered in Phan Rang, Vietnam dated 431 AH ( 1039 CE ); a tombstone dated 440 AH ( 1048 CE ) found in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei ; and a tombstone of Fatimah Binti Maimun Bin Hibat Allah found in Gresik, East Java dated 475 AH ( 1082 CE ).

The oldest remains of Malay using the Jawi script have been found on the Terengganu Inscription Stone, dated 702 H ( 1303 CE ), nearly 600 years after the date of the first recorded existence of Arabic script in the region.

Though there are many Arabic manuscripts of Kalīla wa Demna, Ibn al-Muqaffa '’ s version is not among them, and the oldest dated copy was written almost five centuries after his death.

The oldest evidence of Andalusian Arabic utterances can be dated from the 10th and 11th century, in isolated quotes, both in prose and stanzaic Classical Andalusi poems ( muwashahat ), and then, from the 11th century on, in stanzaic dialectal poems ( zajal ) and dialectal proverb collections, while its last documents are a few business records and one letter written at the beginning of the 17th century in Valencia.

In an Arabic article by the historian Habib Gamati, in al-Mossawer Magazine, Dar al-Hilal, Cairo, Egypt, dated February 19, 1954, and titled: " Tarikh Ma Ahmalahu Al-Tarikh Fi Galaat Al-Showbak " or " History Of What Was Abandoned By History At The Fortres Of Showbak of Jordan ", it is affirmed that the Rihani or Rayahin family is a Ghassanid clan or tribe.

The systematic writing of Romance-language texts in Arabic scripts appears to have begun in the fifteenth century, and the overwhelming majority of such texts that can be dated belong to the sixteenth century.

* Eastern Scriptures, containing around 3, 100 Arabic, 500 Ottoman, and 150 Persian codicies, dated 11th to the 19th centuries.

Marlene ( surname: Adamo ), 25, a Brazilian divorcee who learned the dance from Arabic friends in Paris, now lives on Manhattan's West Side, is about the best belly dancer working the Casbah, loves it so much that she dances on her day off.

But, again, we have no real evidence on this from that quarter until the close of the ninth century A.D., when an Arabic scholar, Tabit Ibn Korra ( 836-901 ) is said to have discussed the magic square of three.

In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, interest in Aristotle revived and Latin Christians had translations made, both from Arabic translations, such as those by Gerard of Cremona, and from the original Greek, such as those by James of Venice and William of Moerbeke.

The style is characterized by specific rhythms and of Qacidate ( Popular poems ) in Arabic dialect that are long poems from the Algerian heritage.

These can range from simple spelling changes and word forms to switching the entire writing system itself, as when Turkey switched from the Arabic alphabet to a Turkish alphabet of Latin origin.

Adobe (, ; Arabic: الطوب ) is a natural building material made from sand, clay, water, and some kind of fibrous or organic material ( sticks, straw, and / or manure ), which the builders shape into bricks ( using frames ) and dry in the sun.

The name " abjad " is derived from the Arabic word for alphabet.

The name " abjad " ( ) is derived from pronouncing the first letters of the Arabic alphabet in order.

The ordering () of Arabic letters used to match that of the older Hebrew, Phoenician and Semitic alphabets ; ( read from right to left: ) or.

Abjads differ from abugidas, another category invented by Daniels, in that in abjads, the vowel sound is implied by phonology, and where vowel marks exist for the system, such as nikkud for Hebrew and harakāt for Arabic, their use is optional and not the dominant ( or literate ) form.

It is unclear whether the Arabic abjad was derived from Nabatean or Syriac.

Hazred could come from the Persian or Arabic word " Hazrat " meaning Great Lord with a twist that makes it sound like " red " and " hazard " both indicative of danger.

The name Ardipithecus ramidus stems mostly from the Afar language, in which Ardi means " ground / floor " ( borrowed from the Semitic root in either Amharic or Arabic ) and ramid means " root ".

The English word amber derives from the Arabic anbar, via Medieval Latin ambar and Old French ambre.

Known to the Iranians by the Pahlavi compound word kah-ruba ( from kah “ straw ” plus rubay “ attract, snatch ,” referring to its electrical properties ), which entered Arabic as kahraba ' or kahraba, it too was called amber in Europe ( Old French and Middle English ambre ).

The modern name for amber is thought to come from the Arabic word, ambar, meaning ambergris.

The term " Almoravid " comes from the Arabic " al-Murabitun " () which is the plural form of " al-Murabit " literally meaning " One who is tying " but figuratively means " one who is ready for battle at a fortress ".

Contemporaries frequently referred to them as the al-mulathimun (" the veiled ones ", from litham, Arabic for " veil ").

Descendants with origins from Anah are commonly referred to as " Alanie ", literally meaning " the one from Anah " in Arabic.

The reason the digits are more commonly known as " Arabic numerals " in Europe and the Americas is that they were introduced to Europe in the 10th century by Arabs of North Africa, who were then using the digits from Libya to Morocco.

This helps distinguish it from " Arabic numerals " as the East Arabic numerals specific to the Arabs.