Whereas Durkheim focused on the society, Weber concentrated on the individuals and their actions ( see structure and action discussion ) and whereas Marx argued for the primacy of the material world over the world of ideas, Weber valued ideas as motivating actions of individuals, at least in the big picture.

Durkheim claimed that social integration in traditional society required authoritarian culture involving acceptance of a social order.

Durkheim claimed that modern society bases integration on the mutual benefits of the division of labour, but noted that the impersonal character of modern urban life caused alienation and feelings of anomie.

The Cartesian Other was also used by Sigmund Freud, who saw the superego as an abstract regulatory force, and Émile Durkheim who viewed this as a psychologically manifested entity which represented God in society at large.

The term " social science " may refer either to the specific sciences of society established by thinkers such as Comte, Durkheim, Marx, and Weber, or more generally to all disciplines outside of " noble science " and arts.

Classical, seminal sociological theorists of the late 19th and early 20th century such as Durkheim, Weber, and Marx were greatly interested in religion and its effects on society.

Émile Durkheim placed himself in the positivist tradition, meaning that he thought of his study of society as dispassionate and scientific.

In Elementary Forms, Durkheim argues that the totems the Aborigines venerate are actually expressions of their own conceptions of society itself.

Thus Durkheim became interested in a scientific approach to society very early on in his career.

Although he never explicitly exposed it, Durkheim adopted a realist perspective in order to demonstrate the existence of social realities outside the individual and to show that these realities existed in the form of the objective relations of society.

Going beyond this, Durkheim claimed that sociology would not only discover " apparent " laws, but would be able to discover the inherent nature of society.

Durkheim also insisted that society was more than the sum of its parts.

Durkheim argued that social facts have, sui generis, an independent existence greater and more objective than the actions of the individuals that compose society.

Regarding the society itself, like social institutions in general, Durkheim saw it as a set of social facts.

Even more than " what society is ", Durkheim was interested in answering " how is a society created " and " what holds a society together ".

In his Division of Labor in Society, Durkheim attempted to answer the question of what holds the society together.

A key to forming society is social interaction, and Durkheim believes that human beings, when in a group, will inevitably act in such a way that a society is formed.

Durkheim was interested in cultural diversity, and how the existence of diversity nonetheless fails to destroy a society.

According to Durkheim, Catholic society has normal levels of integration while Protestant society has low levels.

They noted that even traits that spread through diffusion often were given different meanings and function from one society to another.

The Tutsi, noted Maquet, considered themselves as superior, with the more numerous Hutu and the least numerous Twa regarded, by birth, as respectively, second and third in the hierarchy of Rwandese society.

He noted that the German society was " far more scientific, far more interested in life histories and breeding bird species, as well as in reports on recent literature.

Though he is a noted criminal on Earth, Luthor is revered on the alien world of Lexor, where he rediscovered the planet's lost technology and rebuilt society for its inhabitants.

It has been noted that many Pagans argue that the adoption of a polytheistic worldview would be beneficial for western society, replacing the dominant monotheism that they believe is by its very nature politically and socially repressive.

Henry Maine in his analysis of the historical changes and development of human societies noted the key distinction between traditional societies defined as " status " societies based on the legal position of the Individual in regards to the rest of society, family association and functionally diffuse roles for individuals ; and modern " progressive " societies defined as " contract " societies where social relations are determined by contracts pursued by individuals to advance their interests.

Wilhelm Heinrich Otto Dix (; 2 December 1891 – 25 July 1969 ) was a German painter and printmaker, noted for his ruthless and harshly realistic depictions of Weimar society and the brutality of war.

It should be noted that non-Muslims who were not classified as " people of the book ", for example practitioners of the pre-Muslim indigenous Arabian religions, had few or no rights in Muslim society.

They are noted for their logical minds and their society is structured as commercial ventures.

Sharia's rules on written evidence necessarily diminish the utility of written contracts to structure economic relations, and Timur Kuran has noted the predominance of a " largely oral contracting culture " in pre-modern Islamic society.

For example, Crandall ( 1988 ) noted that certain social groups ( e. g., cheerleading squads, dance troupes, sports teams, sororities ) have a rate of bulimia that is much higher than society as a whole.

As noted by Brian Lapping, the Community Development Projects were also designed to test the view that within poor communities local residents could articulate local grievances, get conditions in their areas improved, and provide some kind of political leadership, in a way that the existing political structure had failed to do, “ largely because these areas of intense poverty were rarely big enough to be electorally important .” In assessing the First Wilson Government ’ s efforts to uplift the poorest members of British society via the establishment of the Community Development Projects and the designation of the Educational Priority Areas, Brian Lapping noted that

Although the Greco-Roman is the most often noted of these, this is not the only society presented in some fashion on Gor.

It should be further noted that in these theories anthropologists are generally concerned solely with brother – sister incest, and are not claiming that all sexual relations among family members are taboo or even necessarily considered incestuous by that society.

The SI noted how reactionary forces forbid subversive ideas from artists and intellectuals to reach the public discourse, and how they attack the artworks that express comprehensive critique of society, by saying that art should not involve itself into politics.

In the Critique, he noted however that " defects are inevitable " and there would be many difficulties in initially running such a workers ' state " as it emerges from capitalistic society " because it would be " economically, morally and intellectually ... still stamped with the birth marks of the old society from whose womb it emerges ", thereby still containing capitalist elements.

It should be noted that some Hispanic people, after leaving their country, drop their maternal surname ( even if not formally ), so as to better fit into the non-Hispanic society they live or work in.

Baltic Germans played leading roles in the society of what are now Estonia and Latvia throughout most of the period from 13th to mid-20th century, with many of them becoming noted scientists or explorers.

" Time magazine called The Public Enemy " well-told " and noted " Unlike City Streets, this is not a Hugoesque fable of gangsters fighting among themselves, but a documentary drama of the bandit standing against society.

Black pride as a national movement is closely linked with the developments of the American Civil Rights Movement, during which noted figures such as Martin Luther King, Jr., Malcolm X, A. Philip Randolph, Stokely Carmichael, and others protested the conditions of the United States ' segregated society, and lobbied for better treatment for people of the Black race.

But when there is not freedom and opportunity to choose, men -- individual men -- must remain in status and society does not, cannot, progress.

there is a struggle there, in which, if he falls, it is easy for him to rise again, there is freedom of utterance there, which draws after it no irreparable consequences on society.

In addition to the functions of religion within man, there have always been the outer social functions for the community and society.

In general, there is no society so secularized as to be completely without religiously inspired transcendental ends.

Without a system of values there can be no society.

Until such work is done, there must remain the nagging suspicion that alienation may be little more than an expression of the malaise of the intellectual, who, rejected by and in turn rejecting the larger society, projects his own fear and despair onto the broader social screen.

Better minds than Hale's were -- and still are -- convinced that there is a society of spirits beyond our ken ''.

This is a virtue of which we have great need in a society where there seems to be an increasing lack of communication -- or even desire for communication -- between differing schools of thought.

From 1764 onwards, there was a gradual change from a slave-based society to one based on production for domestic consumption and export.

While there are ancient relations between the Indian Vedas and the Iranian Avesta, the two main families of the Indo-Iranian philosophical traditions were characterized by fundamental differences in their implications for the human being's position in society and their view on the role of man in the universe.

Spencer believed that just as there were many varieties of beetles, respectively modified to existence in a particular place in nature, so too had human society “ spontaneously fallen into division of labour ”.

A deeper criticism of Green archaeoastronomy is that while it can answer whether there was likely to be an interest in astronomy in past times, its lack of a social element means that it struggles to answer why people would be interested, which makes it of limited use to people asking questions about the society of the past.

Just as important was the influence of the 19th century English designer William Morris, who had argued that art should meet the needs of society and that there should be no distinction between form and function.

On his work there Atkinson said, " what Numenta is doing is more fundamentally important to society than the personal computer and the rise of the Internet.

Contrary to popular conception, there is no evidence of a society or economy that relied primarily on barter.

It suggested there were no strong external borders, while allowing for the fairly clear-cut internal borders that were emerging as the society pillarized into three parts.

In their heyday, there were hundreds of building societies: just about every town in the country had a building society named after that town.

Thus, according to the Bank of England's Boxall and Gallagher ( 1997 ), "... there was virtually no difference between banks and building society ' listed ' interest rates for home finance mortgage lending between 1984 and 1997.

In the Middle Ages in Europe, there was generally a lack of any concept of literary property due to the general relations of production, the specific organization of literary production and the role of culture in society.

Then there is Jen, the young woman at the verge of her wedding is still wavering, battling between her desire to be accepted and respected by her family and society and her wish to be free.

This indicates that there is hope yet to reform her and integrate her into society.

Along with the three or four estates in various European countries, another outcast layer existed below the bottom layer of the hierarchical society, a layer that had no rights and was there to serve the upper layers.