Before the advent of printing, breviaries were written by hand and were often richly decorated with initials and miniature illustrations telling stories in the lives of Christ or the saints, or stories from the Bible.

Before the advent of rock and roll, concept albums had their original heyday in jazz of the early to mid ' 50s with artists such as Nat King Cole and Frank Sinatra, the latter of whom would record numerous concept albums for Capitol throughout the last half of the ' 50s such as In the Wee Small Hours, Come Fly with Me, Where Are You?

Before the advent of fast computing machines, solving a dynamical system required sophisticated mathematical techniques and could be accomplished only for a small class of dynamical systems.

Before the advent of government-funded public schools, the primary mode of education for those of the lower classes was the charity school, pioneered during the 19th century by Protestant organizations and adapted for use by the Roman Catholic Church and governmental bodies.

Before the advent of computer filter synthesis tools, graphical tools such as Bode plots and Nyquist plots were extensively used as design tools.

Before the advent of machine tools, metal was worked manually using the basic hand tools of hammers, files, scrapers, saws and chisels.

Before the advent of modern computers numerical methods often depended on hand interpolation in large printed tables.

Before the advent of copyright, anonymous and pseudonymous publication was a common practice in the sixteenth century publishing world, and a passage in the Arte of English Poesie ( 1589 ), the leading work of literary criticism of the Elizabethan period and an anonymously published work itself, mentions in passing that literary figures in the court who wrote " commendably well " circulated their poetry only among their friends, " as if it were a discredit for a gentleman to seem learned " ( Book 1, Chapter 8 ).

Before the advent of wax candles in the 14th century, this office was said in the dark or with minimal lighting ; and monks were expected to memorise everything.

Before the advent of direct-dialed long distance calls, a subscriber would need to contact the long-distance operator in order to place a toll call.

Before the advent of the pocket calculator, it was the most commonly used calculation tool in science and engineering.

Before the advent of the British, no empire based in mainland India had controlled any part of what now makes up the country's Northeast, part of the reason for the ongoing insurgency in Northeast India.

Before the advent of modern antibiotics, oil of thyme was used to medicate bandages.

Before the advent of the touchpad, small trackballs were common on portable computers, where there may be no desk space on which to run a mouse.

" Before the advent of Islam, the city was known as Yathrib but was personally renamed by Muhammad.

Before the advent of the CCD beam profiler, the beam width was estimated using the knife-edge technique: slice a laser beam with a razor and measure the power of the clipped beam as a function of the razor position.

Before the advent of DVD and Blu-ray, the Video CD ( abbreviated as VCD, and also known as View CD, Compact Disc digital video ) became the first format for distributing films on standard 120 mm optical discs.

Before the advent of artificial refrigeration, Madeira wine was particularly prized in areas where it was impractical to construct wine cellars ( as in parts of the southern United States ) because, unlike many other fine wines, it could survive being stored over hot summers without significant damage.

Before the advent of anesthesia, surgery was a traumatically painful procedure and surgeons were encouraged to be as swift as possible to minimize patient suffering.

Before the advent of VLSI devices, TTL integrated circuits were a standard method of construction for the processors of mini-computer and mainframe processors ; such as the DEC VAX and Data General Eclipse, and for equipment such as machine tool numerical controls, printers and video display terminals.

Before the advent of modern pipes, water was brought from an outdoor source such as wells, pumps or springs.

Before the advent of disk operating systems and the ability to record large data files, core dumps were paper printouts of the contents of memory, typically arranged in columns of octal or hexadecimal numbers ( a " hex dump "), sometimes accompanied by their interpretations as machine language instructions, text strings, or decimal or floating-point numbers ( cf.

Before the advent of the modern critical edition of historical Roman works, AUC was indiscriminately added to them by earlier editors, making it appear more widely used than it actually was.

Before the advent of the codex ( book ), Latin and Greek script was written on scrolls.

Before the advent of radio, carrier pigeons were frequently used on the battlefield as a means for a mobile force to communicate with a stationary headquarters.

Before cheap Internet, there were some geographically compact communities where the culture encouraged Weinberg's egoless programming, and a developer could easily attract a lot of skilled kibitzers and co-developers.

Before leaving, he and his family travelled to Belfast, and it was at the summit of Cavehill that Tone made the famous Cavehill compact with fellow United Irishmen, Russel and McCracken, promising " Never to desist in our efforts until we subvert the authority of England over our country and asserted our independence ".

Before the mass production of automatic overdrive transmissions and electronic fuel injection, the traditional front engine / rear wheel drive layout was being phased out for the more efficient and / or integrated front engine / front wheel drive, starting with compact cars.

Before the twentieth century, cities and towns were normally compact, containing narrow streets busy with human activity.

Before the charge, it would tighten its files to close formation or even compact formation ( synaspismos ).

Before, to make them compact, the alphabetical order of the clear words would correspond closely to the order of the code, so that the codes for the English words " Artois ", " Bavaria ", " cannon " and " castle ", would appear in that order.

Before the advent of compact discs, many students stored a double stack of record albums in the otherwise wasted cabinetry.

Before leaving Boston, Coggeshall and many other Hutchinson supporters signed a compact in March 1638 agreeing to form a government based on the individual consent of the inhabitants.

Before the introduction of indexed shifting, the standard width of a five-speed or compact six block was 32 mm, but the introduction of indexed shifting supposedly made standardized sprocket spacing necessary.

When issued on compact disc in 1986, " I Before E Except After C ", which is composed mostly of cut-up speech, was dropped from the tracklisting ( reinstated on the 2008 remaster ).

Before this technology, a user would have to wait for the formatting to complete before writing any data to a new disc.

Before the Diamond Dust Fades ... won Japan Record Awards of 1988 and The Gates of Heaven won a Japanese gold disc grand prix of 1991.

Before the rocket in the ejection seat kicks in, rotor blades are blown away by explosive charges in the rotor disc and the canopy is similarly jettisoned.

Before pursuing a career in psychotherapy, Landy worked as a record distributor, promoting records of African American artists to disc jockeys around the United States ; he also briefly managed George Benson in the early stage of the guitarist's career.

Before its release in Japan, Breath of Fire III was preceded by a promotional trailer that appeared on a demo disc of Resident Evil 2 that came bundled with the Japanese version of Resident Evil: Director's Cut.

Before the surface of the disc can be ground, the edges must first be chamfered to prevent chipping.

Before West began finding success in game shows, he worked extensively as a disc jockey in local radio and appeared as a contestant on several shows, including the syndicated version of What's My Line ?, To Tell the Truth, Press Your Luck, All Star Blitz, Sweethearts, and Face the Music.

Before he died, Ritchie was given the disc by Geraldine.

Before completion of the Hyperion Schubert Edition Johnson undertook recording, devising the programmes for each disc, and writing the liner notes for the Complete Songs of Robert Schumann, and initiated a recorded cycle of the Lieder of Johannes Brahms.

Before the Pilots even played their first game in 1969, Seattle radio disc jockey Robert E. Lee " Bob " Hardwick looked over the list of players drafted by the Pilots, discovered Oyler's batting average and created the " Ray Oyler Fan Club ," initially as a radio bit on his radio show.

Before or after burning data to the read-side of the disc, the user turns the disc over and inserts it with the label side down.

Before car # 2011 ( May 1975 ), the CitiCar had front disc brakes.

Tracks 13 through 27 on the disc contain the score from Last Order, while tracks 1 through 12 contain music from Before Crisis.

Before entering porn she had attended broadcasting school, and one of the jobs she had was the midnight-to-6: 00 a. m. disc jockey spot at the University of California-San Diego radio station.

Before its binary nature was known, the central cavity in the system's disc was thought to have been cleared out by a planet of at least 10 Jupiter masses, a rare example of a so-called " transitional disc ".

Before its release as a proper album, the disc was originally packaged in a 2 CD limited edition reissue of So Tough ( HVNLP6CDX )

Before beginning his political morning show, Quinn spent a number of years doing voiceover work for WPGH-TV 53 and as a disc jockey at KQV in the 1960s and 1970s, where he would befriend his eventual political mentor Rush Limbaugh.

Before being teamed with co-host Don Geronimo, he worked as a bar and nightclub disc jockey and held many positions in radio.

Before these brass tokens came into use, a Made-Beaver was represented by a stick, porcupine quill, and ivory disc, a musket ball, or anything else agreed upon by trader and trapper.