Before Maimonides concluded this, Sunni Muslims officially prohibited mutah ( i. e. temporary marriage ) relationships ; some commentators ' suggest that Maimonides changed his view in response to this development, similar to Gershom ben Judah's ban on polygamy being made after Christians had prohibited it.

Before the development of X-ray diffraction crystallography ( see below ), the study of crystals was based on their geometry.

Before the development of silicon power rectifier diodes, cuprous oxide and later selenium was used ; its low efficiency gave it a much higher forward voltage drop ( typically 1. 4 to 1. 7 V per " cell ", with multiple cells stacked to increase the peak inverse voltage rating in high voltage rectifiers ), and required a large heat sink ( often an extension of the diode ’ s metal substrate ), much larger than a silicon diode of the same current ratings would require.

Before the development of the electric guitar and the use of synthetic materials, a guitar was defined as being an instrument having " a long, fretted neck, flat wooden soundboard, ribs, and a flat back, most often with incurved sides ".

Before 1850 Germany lagged behind the leaders in industrial development, Britain, France and Belgium.

Before 1850 Germany lagged far behind the leaders in industrial development – Britain, France, and Belgium.

Before the development of the general-purpose computer, most calculations were done by humans.

Before the development of practical electronic TV, there were patents on mechanically scanned color systems as early as 1889 in Russia.

Before the development of the transformer, electric power distribution primarily used direct current at the same voltage used by motors and lights.

Before the development cotton gins, the cotton fibers had to be pulled from the seeds tediously by hand.

Before reclamation and development, the low-lying areas around this hill were largely marsh or tidal wetland, giving the hill much more the appearance of a " ness " than today.

Before the development of modern refrigeration, ice cream was a luxury reserved for special occasions.

Before the official development tools were released, most map development was done using aging tools such as Pfhorte-a Marathon map editor created in March 1995 by Steve Israelson.

Before the development of synthetic pigments, and the refinement of techniques for extracting mineral pigments, batches of color were often inconsistent.

Before the development of geologic concepts during the 19th century, the presence of mountains was explained in Christian contexts as a result of the Biblical Deluge.

Before much development flying could be done, however, the tailplane failed due to flutter in a diving test on 20 September.

Before the development of vaccination and the introduction of a vaccine, it was a common childhood disease worldwide.

Before the development of silicon semiconductor rectifiers, vacuum tube diodes and copper ( I ) oxide or selenium rectifier stacks were used.

Before this development, firearms used flintlock ignition systems which produced flint-on-steel sparks to ignite a pan of priming powder and thereby fire the gun's main powder charge ( the flintlock mechanism replaced older ignition systems such as the matchlock and wheellock ).

Before the development of digital computing, serious trials based on automata such as El Ajedrecista of 1912, were too complex and limited to be useful for playing full games of chess.

Before a segment's narrative pattern was complete, an overall color scheme was designed to the general mood of the music, and patterned to correspond with the development of the subject matter.

The program at the Academy is guided by the Air Force's core values of " Integrity First, Service Before Self, and Excellence in All We Do ", and based on four " pillars of excellence ": military training, academics, athletics and character development.

Before the first small farm homes had been sold, Bud Wright's wife, Emily Vose Wright, a deeply religious woman, had christened the development Zelzah, a Biblical name for " oasis ," or " watering place in the desert.

Before tract development, beginning in the early 1970s, Lawrenceville was broadly defined as stretching two to three blocks back from Route 206.

Before this, many of its families were assigned to the old order Liliales: a very large order containing almost all monocots with colourful tepals and without starch in their endosperm.

Before that time, at the peak of the last ice age ( c. 16, 000 BC ) sea levels everywhere were 130 metres lower, and there were large well-watered coastal plains instead of much of the northern Aegean.

Before this, cities and counties of sufficiently large populations such as most of Metro Atlanta already had Sunday alcohol sales at bars and restaurants, with local ordinances to abide by, such as having a certain amount of food sales in order to be opened and serve alcohol.

Before the rise of the mendicant orders ( wandering friars ) in the thirteenth century, the daily services were usually contained in a number of large volumes.

Before being released back into the river, the used water was held in large tanks known as retention basins for up to six hours.

Before 1990, CPU design was often done for this market, but mass market CPUs organized into large clusters have proven to be more affordable.

Before central power stations were widely introduced it was common for industries, large hotels and commercial buildings to generate their own power and use low pressure exhaust steam for heating.

Before the fighting, the Parliament of England did not have a large permanent role in the English system of government, functioning as a temporary advisory committee, summoned by the monarch whenever the Crown required additional tax revenue, and subject to dissolution by the monarch at any time.

Before Windows 95 was released, OS / 2 Warp 3. 0 was even shipped preinstalled with several large German hardware vendor chains.

Before the expulsion, Palestinians accounted for a large portion of the people living in Kuwait.

Before the advent of modern computers numerical methods often depended on hand interpolation in large printed tables.

Before the two substances are mixed, they are separately cleaned of foreign matter and dried in a manner that creates large square cakes.

Before the arrival of European settlers, the history of the Saharan region is mainly characterized by the consolidation of settlements in large state entities – the Ghana Empire, the Mali Empire and the Songhai Empire.

Before 1852, the Haarlemmermeer polder in which the airport lies was a large lake, in the shallow waters of which sudden violent storms could claim many ships.

Before that, in 1408, the university had about 200 doctors and magisters, 500 bachelors, and 30, 000 students ; it now lost a large part of this number, accounts of the loss varying from 5000 to 20, 000 including 46 professors.

Before the invention of crinoline, women's underwear was often very large and bulky.

Before the Sixth Gospel () which first mentions the Crucifixion, the priest carries a large cross into the center of the church, where it is set upright and all the faithful come forward to venerate it.

Before the occupation of Corsica by the Genoese, Cardo was a large city.

Before Nice was urbanized, the coastline at Nice was just bordered by a deserted stretch of beach covered with large pebbles.

Before the advent of disk operating systems and the ability to record large data files, core dumps were paper printouts of the contents of memory, typically arranged in columns of octal or hexadecimal numbers ( a " hex dump "), sometimes accompanied by their interpretations as machine language instructions, text strings, or decimal or floating-point numbers ( cf.

Before this, Lake Huron was a low-lying depression through which flowed the now-buried Laurentian and Huronian Rivers ; the lake bed was criss-crossed by a large network of tributaries to these ancient waterways, with many of the old channels still evident on bathymetric maps.

Before they even reached the Pacific a large amount of the expedition had died from disease, and they were in no shape to launch any sort of attack.

Before that there had not been any large Frankish catapult in Cathay China, but Talib, a catapult-maker from this land, had gone to Baalbek and Damascus, and his sons Abubakr, Ibrahim, and Muhammad, and his employees made seven large catapults and set out to conquer the city Fu or Hsiang-yang fu = modern Xiangfan.