Before the passage of the lex annalis, individuals could run for the Aedileship by the time they turned twenty-seven.

Before the advent of copyright, anonymous and pseudonymous publication was a common practice in the sixteenth century publishing world, and a passage in the Arte of English Poesie ( 1589 ), the leading work of literary criticism of the Elizabethan period and an anonymously published work itself, mentions in passing that literary figures in the court who wrote " commendably well " circulated their poetry only among their friends, " as if it were a discredit for a gentleman to seem learned " ( Book 1, Chapter 8 ).

Before being disfranchised by the Democrats ' passage in 1899 of a new state constitution that included discriminatory provisions, black citizens elected four African Americans to the US Congress from North Carolina's 2nd congressional district in the last quarter of the nineteenth century.

Before the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which abolished slavery after the American Civil War in 1866, manumission was sometimes accomplished at the death of the owner, under conditions in his will.

Before its most recent passage through the Solar System, its orbital period was about 17, 000 years, but the gravitational perturbation of the giant planets has increased this period to 70, 000 years.

Before passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley law, AICPA standards in these areas were considered " generally accepted " for all CPA practitioners.

Before the passage of the Presidential Succession Act, succession was setup to keep the Executive branch of the Presidency separate from the Legislative branch.

Before congressional passage of the Protect Act of 2003, prosecutors had to prove that sex tourists went abroad with the intent of molesting children — something almost impossible to demonstrate.

Before passage of the Act, more than 3, 000 same-sex couples had already married in those areas.

Before the games began, a truce was declared by Corinth to grant athletes safe passage through Greece.

Before 1976, the tunnel was the only point of passage at the top, at an altitude of 2556 m. The tunnel was closed for restoration until 2002, and a new road was constructed over the summit.

Before the passage opened, the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans were separated entirely with Antarctica being much warmer and having no ice cap.

Before the end of his senior year, he had officially resigned from the committee after the passage of the Lend-Lease Act.

Before giving his doctrinal exposition of a passage, he first considers its critical state.

Before the passage of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, the maximum weeks one could collect was 26 weeks.

Before the 2006 – 2007 academic year, the provision could also apply to high school students, but this changed with the passage of the Deficit Reduction Act in 2001.

Before the passage of the House of Lords Act 1999, the Marquess sat in the House of Lords as Baron Kenlis in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.

Before 1965, after passage of the Civil Rights Act broke the color line in hiring, less than 2 % of textile workers were African American.

Before the amendment's passage on November 3, 2010, membership was open to any individual with " Lineal Descent " with at least one parent being a member of the MHA Nation.

Before 1920, many of these dams made no provision for fish passage ; public pressure as well as efforts by turn-of-the-century cannery owner R. D.

Before the King can pass judgement upon them, Hawkins's friends, who have secretly entered the court through the secret passage, rescue him and capture the castle from the King's soldiers.

Before 1967, local communities had to approve highway locations and designs, and the debates over I-696 prompted the passage of an arbitration statute.

Before the passage of the bankruptcy reform act in 2005, a 403 ( b ) that was not an ERISA plan was not accorded protected status as property that could be claimed as exempt by the debtor under the U. S. Bankruptcy Code.

* In Umberto Eco's The Island of the Day Before, Cockaigne is evoked in a passage describing an ice-tipped mountain.

Before the passage of the Wagner Act, Swope " had long supported labor legislation.

Before 1873, England had two parallel court systems: courts of " law " that could only award money damages and recognized only the legal owner of property, and courts of " equity " ( courts of chancery ) that could issue injunctive relief ( that is, a court order to a party to do something, give something to someone, or stop doing something ) and recognized trusts of property.

Before 1938, the federal courts, like almost all other common law courts, decided the law on any issue where the relevant legislature ( either the U. S. Congress or state legislature, depending on the issue ), had not acted, by looking to courts in the same system, that is, other federal courts, even on issues of state law, and even where there was no express grant of authority from Congress or the Constitution.

Before 2000, the President had the right to enact regulations on matters not governed by parliamentary law, but this power was removed, and existing regulations were converted into regular statutes by the Parliament.

Before Moseley and his law, atomic numbers had been thought of as a semi-arbitrary ordering number, vaguely increasing with atomic weight but not strictly defined by it.

Before the Christian era, sodomy was not illegal in Greek or, most believe, in Roman law, between adult citizens, but homosexual acts between citizens were considered acceptable only under certain social circumstances.

Before embarking on a conflict of law analysis, the court must determine whether a property agreement governs the relationship between the parties.

Before the Twelve Tables ( 754 – 449 BC ), private law comprised the Roman civil law ( ius civile Quiritium ) that applied only to Roman citizens, and was bonded to religion ; undeveloped, with attributes of strict formalism, symbolism, and conservatism, e. g. the ritual practice of mancipatio ( a form of sale ).

Before a statute becomes law in some countries, it must be agreed upon by the highest executive in the government, and finally published as part of a code.

Before signing a bill into law, the President can also ask the Constitutional Tribunal to verify its compliance with the Constitution, which in practice bears a decisive influence on the legislative process.

) Before an item of legislation becomes law it may be known as a bill, and may be broadly referred to as " legislation " while it remains under consideration to distinguish it from other business.

" Before allotment, reservation territory was not owned in the usual western sense, but was reserved for the benefit of entire Indian tribes, with its benefits apportioned to tribe members according to tribal law and custom.

Before the law requiring a mandatory crash test in 1970 there was a booming kit car industry in Sweden with most companies basing their kits on the VW Beetle chassis.

Before the Communications Act of 1934 was enacted as law by the U. S. Congress, there was a debate over commercial versus non-commercial broadcasting: Senators Robert Wagner of New York and Henry Hatfield of West Virginia offered an amendment to the then proposed Communications Act.

:: Example: " Before Blakely, courts around the country had found that " statutory minimum " was the maximum sentence allowed by law for the crime, rather than the maximum standard range sentence.

Before the term exobase was established this boundary was also called the critical level where barometric law no longer applies.

Before the unification of the Supreme Court under the Judicature Act 1873, solicitors practised in the Chancery Courts, attorneys practised in the Common law courts and proctors practised in the Ecclesiastical courts.

Before becoming a detective, an officer must attend a law enforcement academy, providing the officer with a foundation of education with sixteen to twenty-four college units in criminal justice or administration of criminal justice.

Before removing to New York in 1908, he practiced law in Colorado at Aspen, Cripple Creek, and Colorado Springs.

Before troops could be raised, the Militia Act of 1792 required a justice of the United States Supreme Court to certify that law enforcement was beyond the control of local authorities.

Before the Treaty of Lisbon entered into force on 1 December 2009 no provision in the treaties or law of the European Union outlined the ability of a state to voluntarily withdraw from the EU.

Before the tree became protected by law in 1971, there were lumber-mills in Araucanía Region which specialized in Araucarias.

Before the new deputies could take their seats, the directors forced through the councils the law of 22 Floréal, annulling or perverting the elections in thirty departments and excluding forty-eight deputies by name.