Braid based his practice on that developed by Franz Mesmer and his followers (" Mesmerism " or " animal magnetism "), but differed in his theory as to how the procedure worked.

Braid based his methods of hypnotism directly on the practice of Mesmerism, but applied a more rational explanation for how the process worked.

Braid worked on the commercial systems ROMULUS, the forerunner of Parasolid, and on ACIS.

Braid was a highly skilled and very successful surgeon, educated at Edinburgh University, and a Member of the Royal College of Surgeons ( M. R. C. S.

His system, however, is the very antithesis of that of Braid, for he makes use of a purely psychological method, without fixation of the eyes, or nervous or arterial changes ; and also without the passes or contact with the magnetisers.

The golfing landscape in those early days was very different to the modern game with pros, even the very best like Taylor, Vardon and Braid, earning a living from club duties, club and ball-making, green-keeping, teaching here and there and of course competing in tournaments.

Braid made a rough distinction between different stages of hypnosis, which he termed the first and second conscious stage of hypnotism ; he later replaced this with a distinction between " sub-hypnotic ", " full hypnotic ", and " hypnotic coma " stages.

Although he rejected the transcendental / metaphysical interpretation given to these phenomena outright, Braid accepted that these accounts of Oriental practices supported his view that the effects of hypnotism could be produced in solitude, without the presence of any other person ( as he had already proved to his own satisfaction with the experiments he had conducted in November 1841 ); and he saw correlations between many of the " metaphysical " Oriental practices and his own " rational " neuro-hypnotism, and totally rejected all of the fluid theories and magnetic practices of the mesmerists.

Despite briefly toying with the name " rational Mesmerism ", Braid ultimately emphasised his approach's uniqueness, carrying out informal experiments throughout his career to refute the arguments invoking supernatural practices, and demonstrate instead the role of ordinary physiological and psychological processes such as suggestion and focused attention in producing the observed effects.

The form of hypnotherapy practiced by most Victorian hypnotists, including James Braid and Hippolyte Bernheim, mainly employed direct suggestion of symptom removal, with some use of therapeutic relaxation and occasionally aversion to alcohol, drugs, etc.

This can cross-over with other action genres: a platform game which requires a novel mechanic to complete levels might be a " puzzle platformer ", such as manipulating time in Braid.

James Braid, surgeon and pioneer of hypnotism and hypnotherapy, practised in Dumfries from 1825 to 1828 in partnership with William Maxwell.

* The Enchanted Braid: Coming to Terms with Nature on the Coral Reef ( 1998 )

: Not to be confused with the River Braid, Ballymena, Northern Ireland.

The Braid Taylor Memorial Medal and the Tooting Bec Cup are restricted to members born in, or with a parent or parents born in, the UK or Republic of Ireland.

Perhaps as a result of his association with Charles Anderson, Braid became a " corresponding " member of the learned society, the Wernerian Natural History Society.

Within a few days following his observation of Lafontaine, in November 1841, Braid began experimenting with his own method, and soon began giving public lectures.

Braid summarized and contrasted his own view with the other views prevailing at that time.

* Braid, J., Neurypnology or the Rationale of Nervous Sleep Considered in Relation with Animal Magnetism Illustrated by Numerous Cases of its Successful Application in the Relief and Cure of Disease, John Churchill, ( London ), 1843.

), Neurypnologie: Traité du Sommeil Nerveux, ou, Hypnotisme par James Braid ; Traduit de l ' anglais par le Dr Jules Simon ; Avec preface de C. E. Brown-Séquard Treatise on Nervous Sleep or Hypnotism by James Braid, translated from the English by Dr. Jules Simon, with a preface by C. E.

Dargestellt von W. Preyer … Nebst einer ungedruckten Original-Abhandlung von Braid in Deutscher Uebersetzung Discovery of Hypnotism, presented by W. Preyer, together with a hithertofore unpublished paper by Braid in its German translation, Verlag von Gebrüder Paetel, ( Berlin ), 1881.

Both original courses were designed by James Braid, along with Littlehill Golf Course in Auchinairn, which opened in 1923.

Other industries, such as ship building and repair on an area known as the Braid, now a greenfield site with a modern marina, and sea fishing, expanded with the growth of the town, although traditional Northumbrian fishing vessels such as cobles have sheltered in the natural harbour for centuries previously.

Alexandra Ripley, née Braid ( January 8, 1934 – January 10, 2004 ) was an American writer best known as the author of Scarlett ( 1991 ), the sequel to Gone with the Wind.

The Millennium Line opened on January 2, 2002, with trains initially operating between Waterfront Station on the Expo Line and Braid Station in eastern New Westminster-this was referred to as Phase I.

The area has originated a great deal of musical talent, starting with REO Speedwagon, Head East, Dan Fogelberg and including HUM, Poster Children, Hardvark, The Moon Seven Times, Braid, Castor, National Skyline, Absinthe Blind, Headlights and The Beauty Shop.

The first neuropsychological theory of hypnotic suggestion was introduced early on by James Braid who adopted his friend and colleague William Carpenter's theory of the ideo-motor reflex response to account for the phenomenon of hypnotism.

A friend of surgeon James Braid and physiologist William Benjamin Carpenter, he is distinguished for his contributions to the study of mental illness and epidemic diseases.

Braid ’ s work had a strong influence on a number of important French medical figures, especially Étienne Eugène Azam ( 1822 – 1899 ) of Bordeaux ( Braid ’ s principal French “ disciple ”), the anatomist Pierre Paul Broca ( 1824 – 1880 ), the physiologist Joseph Pierre Durand de Gros ( 1826 – 1901 ), and the eminent hypnotherapist and co-founder of the Nancy School Ambroise-Auguste Liébeault ( 1823 – 1904 ).

The Scottish surgeon James Braid, the English physiologist W. B. Carpenter and others pointed out, however, that the phenomena could depend upon the expectation of the sitters, and could be stopped altogether by appropriate suggestion.

* White, William Braid.

Nebst Anmerkungen und einer nachgelassenen Abhandlung von Braid aus dem Jahre 1845 Lectures delivered at the Emperor Frederick William ’ s University at Berlin by W. Preyer.

The original neuro-psychological theory of hypnotic suggestion was based upon the ideo-motor reflex response of William B. Carpenter and James Braid.

* William Braid White: The player-piano up-to-date: a comprehensive treatise on the principles, construction, adjustment, regulation and use of pneumatic mechanisms for piano-playing: together with a description of the leading mechanisms now in use and some hints on the playing thereof.

In early 1842 — as a response to a personal attack upon himself and his work that had been made in a sermon delivered by a Manchester cleric, M ‘ Neile, and had been published a few days later in an unaltered form, despite Braid's attempts to rectify the misunderstandings he felt it contained — Braid privately published the contents of an ( unanswered ) letter that he had written to the cleric as a twelve page booklet entitled Satanic Agency and Mesmerism Reviewed ( Braid, 1842 ).

Although Braid was the first to use the terms hypnotism, hypnotize and hypnotist in English, the cognate terms hypnotique, hypnotisme, hypnotiste had been intentionally used by the French magnetist Baron Etienne Félix d ' Henin de Cuvillers ( 1755 – 1841 ) at least as early as 1820.

The original castle of Ballymena was built in the early 17th century, situated to take advantage of an ancient ford over the River Braid.

The basic method for BREP was developed independently in the early 1970s by both Ian C. Braid in Cambridge ( for CAD ) and Bruce G. Baumgart at Stanford ( for computer vision ).

The earliest definition of hypnosis was given by Braid, who coined the term " hypnotism " as an abbreviation for " neuro-hypnotism ", or nervous sleep, which he opposed to normal sleep, and defined as: " a peculiar condition of the nervous system, induced by a fixed and abstracted attention of the mental and visual eye, on one object, not of an exciting nature.

Later, in his The Physiology of Fascination ( 1855 ), Braid conceded that his original terminology was misleading, and argued that the term " hypnotism " or " nervous sleep " should be reserved for the minority ( 10 %) of subjects who exhibit amnesia, substituting the term " monoideism ", meaning concentration upon a single idea, as a description for the more alert state experienced by the others.

The name " quine " was coined by Douglas Hofstadter, in his popular science book Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid, in the honor of philosopher Willard Van Orman Quine ( 1908 – 2000 ), who made an extensive study of indirect self-reference, and in particular for the following paradox-producing expression, known as Quine's paradox:

Scottish surgeon James Braid, who coined the term " hypnotism ", claimed that focused attention was essential for creating hypnotic trances ; indeed, his thesis was that hypnosis was in essence a state of extreme focus.

However, this time Telegdi faced a challenge from Conservative Peter Braid, a former staffer for Telegdi's predecessor, Progressive Conservative Walter McLean, and a rookie politician, businessman, and father of two who campaigned on a theme of change and effective representation.

Faulkner was born in Bexhill-on-Sea, the son of a club professional who had once been assistant to James Braid.

Although disputed, the " magnetic " tradition continued among Mesmer's students and others, resurfacing in England in the 19th century in the work of the physician John Elliotson ( 1791 – 1868 ), and the surgeons James Esdaile ( 1808 – 1859 ), and James Braid ( 1795 – 1860 ) ( who reconceptualized it as property of the subject's mind rather than a " power " of the Mesmerist's, and relabeled it " hypnotism ").