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British and Afghan National Army | allied forces at Kandahar after the 1880 Battle of Kandahar.
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British and Afghan
In 1885, at the moment when the Amir was in conference with the British viceroy, Lord Dufferin, in India, the news came of a skirmish between Russian and Afghan troops at Panjdeh, over a disputed point in the demarcation of the northwestern frontier of Afghanistan.
In the agreement, the relations between the British Indian and Afghan governments, as previously arranged, were confirmed ; and an understanding was reached upon the important and difficult subject of the border line of Afghanistan on the east, towards India.
This agreement, the first Afghan pact with a European power, stipulated joint action in case of Franco-Persian aggression against Afghan or British dominions.
The Afghan leader did not follow up this triumph by retaking Peshawar, however, but instead contacted Lord Auckland, the new British governor general in British India, for help in dealing with the Sikhs.
The débâcle of the Afghan civil war left a vacuum in the Hindu Kush area that concerned the British, who were well aware of the many times in history it had been employed as the invasion route to South Asia.
In the early decades of the 19th century, it became clear to the British that the major threat to their interests in India would not come from the fragmented Afghan empire, the Iranians, or the French, but from the Russians, who had already begun a steady advance southward from the Caucasus.
In 1838 Auckland, Ranjit Singh, and Shuja signed an agreement stating that Shuja would regain control of Kabul and Kandahar with the help of the British and Sikhs ; he would accept Sikh rule of the former Afghan provinces already controlled by Ranjit Singh, and that Herat would remain independent.
Auckland's plan in the spring of 1838 was for the Sikhs to place Shuja on the Afghan throne, with British support.
Afghan forces loyal to Akbar Khan besieged the remaining British contingents at Kandahar, Ghazni and Jalalabad.
The previous year the British had signed an agreement with the Russians in which the latter agreed to respect the northern boundaries of Afghanistan and to view the territories of the Afghan amir as outside their sphere of influence.
According to this agreement and in return for an annual subsidy and vague assurances of assistance in case of foreign aggression, Yaqub relinquished control of Afghan foreign affairs to the British.
Under pressure, Abdur Rahman agreed in 1893 to accept a mission headed by the British Indian foreign secretary, Sir Mortimer Durand, to define the limits of British and Afghan control in the Pashtun territories.
The 1907 Anglo-Russian Entente ( the Convention of St. Petersburg ) not only divided the region into separate areas of Russian and British influence but also established foundations for Afghan neutrality.
But the crafty Afghan ruler clearly viewed the war as an opportunity to play one side off against the other, for he also offered the British to resist a Central Powers attack on India in exchange for an end to British control of Afghan foreign policy.
Amidst intrigue in the Afghan court, and political and civil unrest in India, he sought to divert attention from the internal divisions of Afghanistan and unite all faction behind him by attacking the British.
Afghan forces achieved success in the initial days of the war, taking the British and Indians by surprise in two main thrusts as the Afghan regular army was joined by large numbers of Pashtun tribesmen from both sides of the border.
The first Anglo-Afghan War ( 1839 – 1842 ) resulted in the destruction of a British army ; it is remembered as an example of the ferocity of Afghan resistance to foreign rule.
British and National
The New Testament offered to the public today is the first result of the work of a joint committee made up of representatives of the Church of England, Church of Scotland, Methodist Church, Congregational Union, Baptist Union, Presbyterian Church of England, Churches in Wales, Churches in Ireland, Society of Friends, British and Foreign Bible Society and National Society of Scotland.
Financial grants have been received from the National Science Foundation and the ( British ) Institute of Physics for the compilation work and the publication costs.
* 1977 – Members of the British National Front ( NF ) clash with anti-NF demonstrators in Lewisham, London, resulting in 214 arrests and at least 111 injuries.
Abergavenny hosted the British National Cycling Championships in 2007 and 2009.
The British National Formulary recommends a gradual withdrawal when discontinuing antipsychotic treatment to avoid acute withdrawal syndrome or rapid relapse.
British Columbia's provincial parks system is the second largest parks system in Canada ( the largest is Canada's National Parks system ).
Some atheist organizations, such as the Italian Union of Rationalist Atheists and Agnostics and the British National Secular Society, offer certificates of " debaptism ".
In 2010, there were 1. 33 billion journeys on the National Rail network, making the British network the fifth most used in the world ( Great Britain ranks 23rd in world population ).
Under his supervision, the British Museum Library ( now the British Library ) quintupled in size and became a well-organised institution worthy of being called a national library, the largest library in the world after the National Library of Paris.
British Standards are the standards produced by BSI Group which is incorporated under a Royal Charter ( and which is formally designated as the National Standards Body ( NSB ) for the UK ).
After the end of the Second World War, the British Army was significantly reduced in size, although National Service continued until 1960.
The British Army is purely a professional force since National service came to an end.
In the following twenty years, the Provisional Irish Republican Army and other smaller republican groups such as the Irish National Liberation Army ( INLA ) mounted an armed campaign against the British, by which they meant the RUC, the British Army, the Ulster Defence Regiment ( UDR ) of the British Army ( and, according to their critics, the Protestant and unionist establishment ).
While the CNP were not a racist organisation there was a perceived image problem relating to the similarly-styled British National Party ( BNP ).
Attlee's first Health Secretary, Aneurin Bevan, fought against the general disapproval of the medical establishment by creating the British National Health Service, a publicly funded healthcare system offering treatment free at the point of use.
Organisations that had previously opposed British nuclear weapons supported CND, including the British Peace Committee, the Direct Action Committee, the National Committee for the Abolition of Nuclear Weapons Tests and the Quakers.
* Holger Nehring, ' National Internationalists: British and West German Protests against Nuclear Weapons, the Politics of Transnational Communications and the Social History of the Cold War, 1957 – 1964 ', Contemporary European History, 14, No. 4 ( 2006 )
* 1885 – Indian National Congress a political party of India is founded in Bombay, British India.
* 1982 – Droppin Well bombing: The Irish National Liberation Army detonate a bomb in Ballykelly, Northern Ireland, killing eleven British soldiers and six civilians.
However, in the UK, the eurosceptic United Kingdom Independence Party achieved second place in the elections, finishing ahead of the governing Labour Party, and the British National Party ( BNP ) won its first ever two MEPs.
British and Army
It was probably one of Kipling's tales of the British Army.
Category: British Army personnel of World War I
Hastings, a former British Army officer, first meets Poirot during Poirot's years as a police officer in Belgium and almost immediately after they both arrive in England.
* 1642 – Irish Confederate Wars: A Confederate Irish militia is routed in the Battle of Kilrush when it attempts to halt the progress of the British Army.
* 1777 – American Revolutionary War: British forces abandon the Siege of Fort Stanwix after hearing rumors of Continental Army reinforcements.
* 1798 – Wolfe Tone's United Irish and French forces clash with the British Army in the Battle of Castlebar, part of the Irish Rebellion of 1798, resulting in the creation of the French puppet Republic of Connaught.
* 1979 – A Provisional Irish Republican Army bomb kills British World War II admiral Louis Mountbatten and three others while they are boating on holiday in Sligo, Republic of Ireland.
Shortly after, 18 British Army soldiers are killed in an ambush near Warrenpoint, Northern Ireland ( see Warrenpoint ambush ).
* 1908 – The Territorial Force ( renamed Territorial Army in 1920 ) is formed as a volunteer reserve component of the British Army.
Julius's work with the ICS brought the family to British India, where his grandfather had been a general in the Bengal Army.
In Britain this was one of a number of events that constituted the Annus Mirabilis of 1759 and is celebrated as Minden Day by certain British Army regiments.
Although Collins used it as a catharsis for her opposition to the Vietnam War, two years after her rendition, the Royal Scots Dragoon Guards, senior Scottish regiment of the British Army, recorded an instrumental version featuring a bagpipe soloist accompanied by a pipe and drum band.
* 1812 – War of 1812: American General William Hull surrenders Fort Detroit without a fight to the British Army.
* 1943 – World War II: The U. S. Seventh Army under General George S. Patton arrives in Messina, Italy, followed several hours later by the British 8th Army under Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery, thus completing the Allied conquest of Sicily.
* 1537 – The Honourable Artillery Company, the oldest surviving regiment in the British Army, and the second most senior, is formed.
* 1914 – World War I: the Battle of Mons ; the British Army begins withdrawal.
Category: British Army personnel of World War I
* 1755 – Under the orders of Charles Lawrence, the British Army begins to forcibly deport the Acadians from Nova Scotia to the Thirteen Colonies.
* 1777 – American Revolutionary War: The Battle of Ridgefield: A British invasion force engages and defeats Continental Army regulars and militia irregulars at Ridgefield, Connecticut.
The ranks of the Australian Army are based on the ranks of the British Army, and carry mostly the same actual insignia.
Similarly desperate losses were suffered elsewhere on the front, in a disastrous day for the British Army ( approximately 19, 000 British soldiers were killed in a single day ).
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