At the same time it encouraged Bulgarian aspirations over Thrace, preferring a Bulgarian Thrace to a Russian one, despite the assurances the British had given to the Russians in regard to their expansion there.

The British, however, refused to give any assurances to the disappointed Sher Ali.

According to this agreement and in return for an annual subsidy and vague assurances of assistance in case of foreign aggression, Yaqub relinquished control of Afghan foreign affairs to the British.

However, the British Museum refused to release the set despite assurances that the players would wear gloves.

In return, the U. S. was given certain assurances by the United Kingdom regarding the use of the missile, however the U. S. does not have any veto on the use of British nuclear weapons.

He at times clashed with Churchill in the War Cabinet, and was unable to achieve significant assurances for increased commitment to Singapore's defences, but undertook morale boosting excursions to war affected cities and factories and was well received by the British press and generally raised awareness in Britain of Australia's contribution to its war effort.

On 5 May, Lumley said that she had received private assurances of support from a senior member of the Royal Family, and attended a meeting with British Prime Minister Gordon Brown at 10 Downing Street the following day.

At this time, COPE made an official overture to the Green Party of Vancouver, the local affiliate of the Green Party of British Columbia, offering the group some minor policy concessions, joint billing in the party's ballot name (" COPE-Green ' 93 ") and assurances that important party members would ensure some Greens were nominated.

After the assassination of Prime Minister Armand Călinescu on 21 September King Carol II tried to maintain neutrality for several months more, but the surrender of the Third French Republic and the retreat of British forces from continental Europe rendered the assurances that both countries had made to Romania meaningless.

After the attack, no convoys were able to reach the hospital due to continued attacks on the road, despite British assurances of assistance.

He quickly received assurances authorized by the American President, ' that the United States would contribute a substantial amount for a process of land redistribution and they would undertake to encourage the British government to give similar assurances '.

Another problematic issue raised by Oliver was that, in contradiction to the previous minister, Clifford Sifton's assurances given before the Doukhbors arrival to Canada, the Doukhobors would now have to become naturalized citizens ( i. e., British subjects ) and to swear an Oath of Allegiance to the Crown-something that was always against their principles.

This tit-for-tat shackling continued until the Swiss achieved agreement with the Canadians to desist on December 12, and with the Germans some time later after they received further assurances from the British.

Then in early 2003 he advised the British Government on the deployment of troops for the invasion of Iraq seeking assurances as to the legitimacy of the deployment before it was allowed to proceed.

Then in early 2003 he advised the British Government on the deployment of troops for the invasion of Iraq seeking assurances as to the legitimacy of the deployment before it was allowed to proceed.

Under the agreement the United States was given certain assurances by the UK regarding the use of the missiles, however the United States does not have any veto on the use of British nuclear weapons.

Cut off and surrounded and facing total slaughter, Winchester surrendered with British assurances of safety of the prisoners, but the next day many were killed by the Native Americans without British intervention.

The British did not fight alone but had Ngāpuhi allies ; Tāmati Wāka Nene had given the government assurances of the good behaviour of the Ngāpuhi and he felt that Hone Heke had betrayed his trust in instigating the Flagstaff War.

In the negotiations Nortraship tried to secure the US dollar freight income, to obtain a more equal footing with the British in governing the Allied merchant fleet, and to receive assurances regarding Norwegian shipping rights after the war.

The British Government in an exchange of letters at the time of the transfer of the NWT sought assurances that Canada would provide the Crown's obligation to First Nations.

In Britain, a patent was issued in 1778 to John Knox for a “ lan for assurances on lives of persons from 10 to 80 years of age .” At this time in British law, patents could only be issued for manufactured objects, not manufacturing processes.

Modern weapons include the Russian ZSU-23-4 Shilka and Tunguska-M1, South Korean K30 Biho and K263A1 radar-guided Vulcan, Chinese Type 95 SPAAA, Swedish CV9040 AAV, Polish PZA Loara, American M6 Bradley Linebacker and M1097 Humvee Avenger, Yugoslavian BOV-3, Canadian ADATS, aging German Gepard, Japanese Type 87 SPAAG and similar versions with the British Marksman turret ( which was also adapted for a number of other users ), Italian SIDAM 25 and Otomatic, and versions of the French AMX-13.

Following the downfall of Czechoslovakia and occupation of its Czech part by Nazi Germany in 1939, Czechoslovak units and formations served with the Polish Army ( Czechoslovak Legion ), the French Army, the Royal Air Force, the British Army ( the 1st Czechoslovak Armoured Brigade ), and the Red Army ( I Corps ).

Cavalry or mounted gendarmerie units continue to be maintained for purely or primarily ceremonial purposes by the United States, British, French, Italian, Danish, Swedish, Dutch, Chilean, Portuguese, Moroccan, Nepalese, Nigerian, Venezuelan, Brazilian, Peruvian, Paraguayan, Polish, Argentine, Senegalese, Jordanian, Pakistani, Indian, Spanish and Bulgarian armed forces.

On 31 March 1939, the British Prime Minister Chamberlain announced before the House of Commons the British “ guarantee ” of Poland, which committed Britain to go to war to defend Polish independence, though pointedly the “ guarantee ” excluded Polish frontiers.

On the basis of such decrypts, Hitler and Ribbentrop believed that the British were bluffing with their warnings that they would go to war to defend Polish independence.

On the night of 30 – 31 August 1939, Ribbentrop had an extremely heated exchange with the British Ambassador, Sir Nevile Henderson, who objected to Ribbentrop's demand, given at about midnight, that if a Polish plenipotentiary did not arrive in Berlin that night to discuss the German " final offer ", then the responsibility for the outbreak of war would not rest on the Reich.

" As intended by Ribbentrop, the narrow time limit for acceptance of the " final offer " made it impossible for the British government to contact the Polish government in time about the German offer, let alone for the Poles to arrange for a Polish plenipotentiary envoy to arrive in Berlin that night, thereby allowing Ribbentrop to claim that the Poles had rejected the German " final offer ".

During World War II, about 30, 000 Polish refugees migrated to Karachi, at that time under British colonial rule. Many of these Polish families settled permanently in the city.

The nation was liberated largely by Canadian troops, with the assistance of the British, American and Polish forces, ( see Operation Market Garden ) and French airborne ( see Operation Amherst ).

On 12 September 1942,, carrying some 80 civilians, 268 British Army soldiers, about 1, 800 Italian prisoners of war, and 160 Polish soldiers ( on guard ), was struck and sunk by a torpedo from Kriegsmarine submarine off the coast of west Africa.

* 1940 – World War II: Norwegian, French, Polish and British forces recapture Narvik in Norway.

The tripartite military talks, started in mid-August, hit a sticking point regarding passage of Soviet troops through Poland if Germans attacked, and the parties waited as British and French officials overseas pressured Polish officials to agree to such terms.

Two Polish slave janitors of Peenemünde's Camp Trassenheide in early 1943 provided maps, sketches and reports to Polish Home Army Intelligence, and in June 1943 British intelligence had received two such reports which identified the " rocket assembly hall ', ' experimental pit ', and ' launching tower '.

The customary salute in the Polish Armed Forces is the two-fingers salute, a variation of the British military salute with only two fingers extended.

In the United States Navy, United States Marine Corps, United States Coast Guard, and United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, as well as in all branches of the British Armed Forces, Polish Armed Forces, Canadian Forces, Turkish Armed Forces, Swedish Armed Forces, Norwegian Armed Forces, and Hellenic Armed Forces, Russian and all former Soviet republic forces, hand salutes are only given when a cover ( protection for the head, usually a hat ) is worn.

** Table of contents, bibliography of On the Origin of Species – links to text and images of all six British editions of The Origin of Species, the 6th edition with additions and corrections ( final text ), the first American edition, and translations into Danish, Dutch, French, German, Polish, Russian and Spanish.

On 25 July 1939, just five weeks before the outbreak of World War II, the Polish Cipher Bureau handed reconstructed Enigma machines and their techniques for decrypting ciphers to their French and British allies.

The outstanding example was in Garibaldi And The Thousand, where he made use of unpublished papers of Lord John Russell and English consular materials to reveal the motives which led the British government to permit Garibaldi to cross the Straits of Messina.

* 1777 – American Revolutionary War: The Americans led by General John Stark rout British and Brunswick troops under Friedrich Baum at the Battle of Bennington in Walloomsac, New York.

* 1808 – Battle of Vimeiro: British and Portuguese forces led by General Arthur Wellesley defeat French force under Major-General Jean-Andoche Junot near the village of Vimeiro, Portugal, the first Anglo-Portuguese victory of the Peninsular War.

* 1763 – Pontiac's War: Battle of Bushy Run – British forces led by Henry Bouquet defeat Chief Pontiac's Indians at Bushy Run.

* 1933 – First flight over Mount Everest, a British expedition, led by the Marquis of Clydesdale, and funded by Lucy, Lady Houston

However, difficulties in South Africa ( epitomised by the defeat of the British Army at the Battle of Isandlwana ), as well as Afghanistan, weakened his government and led to his party's defeat in the 1880 election.

In recent times, it has become customary to invite units from France's allies to the parade ; in 2004 during the centenary of the Entente Cordiale, British troops ( the band of the Royal Marines, the Household Cavalry Mounted Regiment, Grenadier Guards and King's Troop, Royal Horse Artillery ) led the Bastille Day parade in Paris for the first time, with the Red Arrows flying overhead.

In 2007 the German 26th Airborne Brigade led the march followed by British Royal Marines.

* 2004: To commemorate the centenary of the Entente Cordiale, the British led the military parade with the Red Arrows flying overhead.

This, combined with Gildas's negative assessment of the British church at the time of the Anglo-Saxon invasions, led Bede to a very critical view of the native church.

Boudica (; alternative spelling: Boudicca ), also known as Boadicea and known in Welsh as Buddug ( d. AD 60 or 61 ) was queen of the British Iceni tribe who led an uprising against the occupying forces of the Roman Empire.

The French were defeated by the British forces led by

It also led to the closure of several local support and satellite businesses, such as the nearby British Steel Clydesdale Works in Mossend, Clyde Alloy in Netherton and equipment maker Anderson Strathclyde.

The French and the British used tanks in their pre-blitzkrieg ' traditional ' role of assisting infantry and dispersed across the whole army so there was not concentration of tanks, while the blitzkrieg method of concentrating tanks, even less in number and less capable in ability, led to victorious success.

It has sold over nine million singles and albums and was the top single of a year in which the British Invasion, led by the Beatles and the Rolling Stones, continued to dominate the U. S. charts.

BSI Group began in 1901 as the Engineering Standards Committee, led by James Mansergh, to standardise the number and type of steel sections, in order to make British manufacturers more efficient and competitive.

Continuing Arab disquiet over Allied intentions also led during 1918 to the British Declaration to the Seven and the Anglo-French Declaration, the latter promising " the complete and final liberation of the peoples who have for so long been oppressed by the Turks, and the setting up of national governments and administrations deriving their authority from the free exercise of the initiative and choice of the indigenous populations.

The vastly increasing demands of imperial expansion, and the inadequacies and inefficiencies of the underfunded, post-Napoleonic Wars British Army, and of the Militia, Yeomanry, and Volunteer Force, led to the Cardwell and Childers Reforms of the late 19th century, which gave the British Army its modern shape, and redefined its regimental system.

This sudden influx of men led to a shortage of RIC uniforms, and the new recruits were issued with khaki army uniforms ( usually only trousers ) and dark green RIC or blue British police surplus tunics, caps and belts.

This led the key figure in organizing the resistance, Paul Kruger, into conflict with the British.

Cyril Northcote Parkinson ( 30 July 1909 – 9 March 1993 ) was a British naval historian and author of some sixty books, the most famous of which was his bestseller Parkinson's Law, which led him to be also considered as an important scholar within the field of public administration.

The defeat by the British Empire in the First Opium War ( 1840 ) led to the Treaty of Nanjing ( 1842 ), under which Hong Kong was ceded and opium import was legitimized.