Another character, Father Paneloux, uses the plague as an opportunity to advance his stature in the town by suggesting that the plague was an act of God punishing the citizens ' sinful nature.

After the boy's death, Paneloux tells Rieux that although the death of an innocent child in a world ruled by a loving God cannot be rationally explained, it should nonetheless be accepted.

He does not do it for any grand, religious purpose, like Paneloux ( Rieux does not believe in God ), or as part of a high-minded moral code, like Tarrou.

In his first sermon, given during the first month of the plague, Paneloux describes the epidemic as the " flail of God ," through which God separates the wheat from the chaff, the good from the evil.

Paneloux is at pains to emphasize that God did not will the calamity: " He looked on the evil-doing in the town with compassion ; only when there was no other remedy did He turn His face away, in order to force people to face the truth about their life " In Paneloux's view, even the terrible suffering caused by the plague works ultimately for good.

Towards the end of October, Castel's new anti-plague serum is tried for the first time, but it cannot save the life of Othon's young son, who suffers greatly, as Paneloux, Rieux, and Tarrou look on in horror.

A few days after the sermon, Paneloux is taken ill. His symptoms do not conform to those of the plague, but the disease still proves fatal.

* Father Paneloux: Father Paneloux is a learned, well-respected Jesuit priest.

Paneloux joins the team of volunteer workers and preaches another sermon saying that the death of the innocent child is a test of faith.

A few days after preaching this sermon, Paneloux is taken ill.

In contrast to the humanist beliefs of Rieux, Rambert, and Tarrou, the religious perspective is given in the sermons of the stern Jesuit priest, Father Paneloux.

While the other main characters believe there is no rational explanation for the outbreak of plague, Paneloux believes there is.

Paneloux may argue that the plague is a punishment for sin, but how does he reconcile that doctrine with the death of a child?

The child in question is Jacques Othon, and Paneloux, along with Rieux and Tarrou, witnesses his horrible death.

Paneloux is moved with compassion for the child, and he takes up the question of innocent suffering in his second sermon.

He argues that because a child's suffering is so horrible and cannot easily be ex-plained, it forces people into a crucial test of faith: either we must believe everything or we must deny everything, and who, Paneloux asks, could bear to do the latter?

The criticism of Paneloux, is that he, unlike Tarrou, has lost his faith in humanity.

Paneloux, who has joined the group of volunteers fighting the plague, gives a second sermon.

During the first stage of the plague outbreak, Paneloux preaches a sermon at the cathedral.

Later, Paneloux attends at the bedside of Othon's stricken son and prays that the boy may be spared.

The second sermon given by Paneloux, however, suggests that his faith has been shaken.

Unable to reconcile his beliefs with the death of the child, Paneloux becomes sick and refuses to be treated.

Some were the equivalent of Paneloux and thought that France was to blame for the calamity that had befallen it.

Today the private detective will also investigate insurance claims or handle divorce cases, but his primary function remains what it has always been, to assist those who have money in their unending struggle with those who have not.

The term altruism may also refer to an ethical doctrine that claims that individuals are morally obliged to benefit others.

Agnosticism is the view that the truth values of certain claims — especially claims about the existence or non-existence of any deity, but also other religious and metaphysical claims — are unknown and ( so far as can be judged ) unknowable.

In the East abbots, if in priests ' orders and with the consent of the bishop, were, as we have seen, permitted by the second Nicene council, AD 787, to confer the tonsure and admit to the order of reader ; but gradually abbots, in the West also, advanced higher claims, until we find them in AD 1489 permitted by Innocent IV to confer both the subdiaconate and diaconate.

Astrometry has also been used to support claims of extrasolar planet detection by measuring the displacement the proposed planets cause in their parent star's apparent position on the sky, due to their mutual orbit around the center of mass of the system.

John of Worcester also claims that at Wulfstan's consecration, Stigand, the archbishop of Canterbury extracted a promise from Ealdred that neither he nor his successors would lay claim to any jurisdiction over the diocese of Worcester.

) Hilton also claims a Roman Catholic monarch would therefore be unable to be crowned by the Archbishop of Canterbury and points to the examples of European states that have similar religious provisions for their monarchs: Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, whose constitutions compel their monarchs to be Lutherans, the Netherlands, the constitution of which insists its monarchs be members of the Protestant House of Orange, and Belgium, which has a constitution that provides for the succession to be through Roman Catholic houses.

Some critics have also analyzed the use of alleged front organizations and conflicted patient " advocacy " groups funded by pharmaceutical companies that seek to set the mental health agenda, including the use of the law to force people to take antipsychotics against their will, often justified by claims about risk of violence.

* Vasconic substratum hypothesis: This proposal, by the German linguist Theo Vennemann, claims that there is enough toponymical evidence to conclude that Basque is the only survivor of a larger family that once extended throughout most of Europe, and has also left its mark in modern Indo-European languages spoken in Europe.

According to bundle theory, an object consists of its properties and nothing more: thus neither can there be an object without properties nor can one even conceive of such an object ; for example, bundle theory claims that thinking of an apple compels one also to think of its color, its shape, the fact that it is a kind of fruit, its cells, its taste, or at least one other of its properties.

They also scoured the minor leagues for selections in the Rule 5 draft ( Paul Blair from the Mets in 1962, Moe Drabowsky from the Cardinals in 1965 ) and claims off waivers ( Curt Blefary, 1965 AL Rookie of the Year, from the Yankees in 1963 ).

Archaeological evidence, such as the Serpent Column, also supports some of Herodotus's specific claims.

There are also implicit claims to being the Christ in the words and actions of Jesus.

High wages and Aboriginal land claims have also curbed expansion.

Chile also claims about of Antarctica, although all claims are suspended under the Antarctic Treaty.

The author claims that this included not only ritual cannibalization of the livers of freshly killed prisoners, but also the cannibalization-for-sustenance of living prisoners over the course of several days, amputating limbs only as needed to keep the meat fresh.

From then on the French succession not only excluded females, but also rejected claims based on the female line of descent.

Kilsyth also claims the oldest purpose-built curling pond in the world at Colzium, in the form of a low dam creating a shallow pool some 100 × 250 metres in size, though this is now very seldom in condition for curling because of warmer winters.

" Anarcho-capitalist Walter Block claims, however, that, while Adam Smith was an advocate of economic freedom, he also allowed for government to intervene in many areas.

Hansen also claims that most negative impressions of Cotton Mather stem from his defense of the ongoing trials in Wonders of the Invisible World.

This theory also claims there can be only one rightful sovereign ruling all under heaven at a time but throughout Chinese history there have been many contentious and long periods of disunity where the question of legitimacy is moot ; see also Imperial Seal of China.