By January 1557, the brothers were raising personal contingents in order to fight for Philip II, who was now King of Spain.

By now it had acquired a radio station in Frinton, Essex called Mellow 1557 ( now known as Dream 100 ), as well as a stake in a radio station in Boulogne-sur-Mer, France, which it had relaunched as Continental Invicta FM.

The first edition of this work appeared on June 5, 1557 with the title Songes and Sonettes Written By the Ryght Honorable Lord Henry Howard, late Earle of Surrey, Thomas Wyatt the Elder and others.

By the 1520s, the Archbishopric of Ohrid had managed to put practically the entire Serbian Church under its jurisdiction, however by intervention of Mehmed-paša Sokolović in 1557, the latter was renewed and reorganized.

By an Act of Philip and Mary in 1557, the Minster and its prebends were again restored as before.

By this time, Angola, a Portuguese colony, was in fact like a colony of Brazil, paradoxically another Portuguese colony.

By 1850, Luanda was one of the greatest and most developed Portuguese cities in the vast Portuguese Empire outside Mainland Portugal, full of trading companies, exporting ( together with Benguela ) palm and peanut oil, wax, copal, timber, ivory, cotton, coffee, and cocoa, among many other products.

By 1973 the PAIGC controlled most of the interior of the country, while the coastal and estuary towns, including the main populational and economic centres remained under Portuguese control.

By the end of his life, he could converse in English, French, Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese, Swedish, Polish, Italian, Greek, Latin, Russian, Arabic, and Turkish as well as German.

By this stage the explorers had passed the southern boundary of the desert, and from then on Henry had one of his wishes fulfilled: the Portuguese had circumvented the Muslim land-based trade routes across the western Sahara Desert, and slaves and gold began arriving in Portugal.

By 1462, the Portuguese had explored the coast of Africa as far as the present-day nation Sierra Leone.

By 1516, the first Portuguese ships had reached Canton on the southern coasts of China.

By this time the Portuguese Empire had already lost its interest on the spice trade sea route because of the decreasing profitability of that business.

By this time, Angola, a Portuguese colony, was in fact like a colony of Brazil, paradoxically another Portuguese colony.

By 1850, Luanda was one of the greatest and most developed Portuguese cities in the vast Portuguese Empire outside Mainland Portugal, full of trading companies, exporting ( together with Benguela ) palm and peanut oil, wax, copal, timber, ivory, cotton, coffee, and cocoa, among many other products.

By the mid-16th century, the Portuguese settlers had turned the islands into Africa's foremost exporter of sugar.

By the Middle Ages the shepherd's sling was largely militarily extinct outside the Iberian peninsula, where the Spanish and Portuguese infantry favoured it against light and agile Moorish troops ; a sling projectile, while dangerous even against an armoured opponent, would be lethal against a light and unarmoured foe.

* By this year, the Portuguese colony of Brazil has between 400 mills producing 57, 000 tons of sugar a year and 230 mills producing 14, 000 tons ( estimates vary ) The wealth the Portuguese acquire from selling sugar in Europe prompts the English and French to follow suit in this century.

By 1913, the British occupied Burma, Malaya and the northern Borneo territories, the French controlled Indochina, the Dutch ruled the Netherlands East Indies while Portugal managed to hold on to Portuguese Timor.

By the mid 1900s, these stalls used a type of a musical horn called a charumera ( チャルメラ, from the Portuguese charamela ) to advertise their presence, a practice some vendors still retain via a loudspeaker and a looped recording.

By this time, Angola, a Portuguese colony, was in fact like a colony of Brazil, paradoxically another Portuguese colony.

By 1850, Luanda was one of the largest Portuguese cities in the Portuguese Empire outside Mainland Portugal exporting ( together with Benguela ) palm and peanut oil, wax, copal, timber, ivory, cotton, coffee, and cocoa, among many other products-almost all the produce of a continued forced labour system.

By 150 BC, Assyria was under the control of the Parthian Empire as Athura ( the Parthian word for Assyria ) where the Assyrian city of Ashur seems to have gained a degree of autonomy, and temples to the native gods of Assyria were resurrected.

By local success at the Schwerpunkt, a small force achieved a breakthrough and gained advantages by fighting in the enemy's rear.

By the 16th century, Spanish conquistadors began to subdue and colonize the region of present-day Chile, and the territory became a colony from 1540 to 1818, when it gained independence from Spain.

By 1943, the Partisan resistance movement had gained the upper hand, against the odds, and in 1945, with help from the Soviet Red Army ( passing only through small parts such as Vojvodina ), expelled the Axis forces and local supporters.

By the 15th century, the Aztecs gained control of a large part of Mesoamerica, and adopted cacao into their culture.

By 1967 the ELF had gained considerable support among peasants, particularly in Eritrea's north and west, and around the port city of Massawa.

By definition, it is the amount of energy gained by the charge of a single electron moved across an electric potential difference of one volt.

By the time of the Byzantine Iconoclasm several centuries later, Eusebius had unfairly gained the reputation of having been an Arian, and was roundly condemned as such by Patriarch Nikephoros I of Constantinople.

By the time of Operation Overlord in June 1944, the Allies had gained near complete air superiority over the Western Front.

By mid-1944, Allied fighters had gained air superiority throughout the theater, which would not be contested again during the war.

By the 18th century, the term had gained its now common usage in France, and had begun to be used to refer purely to books of magic, which Owen Davies presumed was because " many of them continued to circulate in Latin manuscripts.

By doing so he and the German dukes gained time to fortify towns and train a new elite cavalry force.

By this time, Goebbels had gained the position he had wanted so long – at the side of Hitler, albeit only because of his subservience to Bormann, who was the Führers de facto deputy.

By the 1930s, approximately 30, 000 white settlers lived in the area and gained a political voice because of their contribution to the market economy.

By 1247, Ayyub had reoccupied most of the territory that had been conceded in 1239, and had also gained control of Damascus.

By April 1992, as civilian rule returned, 15 political parties had gained recognition.

By the 19th century, accompagnato had gained the upper hand, the orchestra played a much bigger role, and Richard Wagner revolutionised opera by abolishing almost all distinction between aria and recitative in his quest for what he termed " endless melody ".

By acquiring the successful Balaban & Katz chain in 1926, he gained the services of Barney Balaban ( who would eventually become Paramount's president in 1936 ), his brother A. J. Balaban ( who would eventually supervise all stage production nationwide and produce talkie shorts ), and their partner Sam Katz ( who would run the Paramount-Publix theatre chain from New York City ).

By the early 1950s the 356 had gained some renown among enthusiasts on both sides of the Atlantic for its aerodynamics, handling, and excellent build quality.

By the middle of the decade, he had gained complete control of the suburb Cicero, and had installed his own Mayor in office.

By paying attention to the army, giving much freedom to Finland, and freeing the serfs in 1861, he gained much popular support ( Finns still dearly remember him ).

By that time, the Samoans had gained a reputation of being savage and warlike, as violent altercations had occurred between natives and French, British, German and American forces, who, by the late nineteenth century, valued Samoa as a refueling station for coal-fired shipping and whaling.

By the mid-19th century, the story had gained currency.

By 2010 suburbs increasingly gained people in racial minority groups, as many members of minority groups became better educated, more affluent, and sought more favorable living conditions compared to inner city areas ; many white Americans also moved back to city centers.