By 1881 the Volta associates had succeeded in improving an Edison tinfoil machine to some extent.

By 1881 both Ireland and Wales had representative teams, and in 1883 the first international competition, the Home Nations Championship had begun.

By the late 19th century 90 % of all Shetland was owned by just 32 people, and between 1861 and 1881 more than 8, 000 Shetlanders emigrated.

By 1881, nearly 1500 torpedoes had been produced.

By July 1, 1881, minor party dissension over the Conkling affair remained while President Garfield continued his policy of forbidding Vice President Chester A. Arthur, a Conkling ally, from attending presidential cabinet meetings.

By 1881, both Marx and Engels began to contemplate a course of development in Russia that would lead directly to the communist stage without the intervening bourgeois stage.

By late 1880 William Bell had begun to organize railway construction in Utah that would become the Palmer controlled Denver and Rio Grande Western Railway in mid 1881.

By 1881 the Fort Worth Democrat was complaining that Hell's Half Acre covered more like.

By 1881 there were fancy restaurants, a bowling alley, four churches, an ice house, a school, an opera house, two banks, three newspapers, and an ice cream parlor, alongside 110 saloons, 14 gambling halls, and numerous brothels all situated among a number of dirty, hardscrabble mines.

By early 1881 the State Department started responding to criticism of the seal, resulting first in an 1882 centennial commemorative coin, and then with Secretary of State Frederick Frelinghuysen asking for funds to create a new design and dies of both the obverse and reverse on January 11, 1884, after getting estimates of the cost.

By 1881, the population of Northwood had reached 257, with 62 houses recorded.

By late 1881 Tombstone had more than 7, 000 citizens, excluding all Chinese, Mexicans, women and children residents.

By 1881 two rail lines and a road which intersected the area were added.

By 1881 the population was between 500 and 600 people.

By 1881, Thornburg was at the junction of the line to What Cheer and a branch to Montezuma

By 1881, the eastern band had disappeared, leaving the remaining Chitimacha on Grand Lake, located near Charenton.

By 1881, a line was completed across Sinepuxent Bay to the shore, bringing rail passengers directly into the town.

By 1881, there was a sawmill, blacksmith shop, general store, a creamery, and two churches.

By August 1881 it had reached Lakeville in Stoddard County.

By the 1870 ’ s Mary was telling her students “ Some day I will have a church of my own .” In 1879 she and her students established the Church of Christ, Scientist, “ to commemorate the word and works of our Master, which should reinstate primitive Christianity and its lost element of healing .” In 1892 at Eddy ’ s direction, the church reorganized as The First Church of Christ, Scientist, “ designed to be built on the Rock, Christ ....” Some years later in 1881, she founded the Massachusetts Metaphysical College, where she taught approximately 800 students in Boston, Massachusetts between the years 1882 and 1889.

By 1881, the population of freedmen had increased in the area, while the number of Native Americans had declined.

By 1881, Mobeetie was the judicial center of the Thirty-fifth District, made up of fifteen counties.

By 1881 there was a railroad station here.

By 1881, Mount Vernon's permanent population was 75.

By 407, the estrangement between the eastern and western courts had become so bitter that it threatened civil war.

By 1964, membership had risen to 80, 000, and the ACLU was directly involved in a major expansion of civil liberties.

By the 1950s, the development of civil jets grew, beginning with the de Havilland Comet, though the first widely-used passenger jet was the Boeing 707, because it was much more economical than other planes at the time.

By contrast, while defendants in most civil law systems can be compelled to give a statement, this statement is not subject to cross-examination by the prosecutor and not given under oath.

By contrast, in civil law jurisdictions ( the legal tradition that prevails in, or is combined with common law in, Europe and most non-Islamic, non-common law countries ), courts lack authority to act where there is no statute, and judicial precedent is given less interpretive weight ( which means that a judge deciding a given case has more freedom to interpret the text of a statute independently, and less predictably ), and scholarly literature is given more.

By the end of the civil war, however, all production had stopped.

During the late 1970s he acquired a large public audience as a critic of the then Labour government's disregard of civil liberties ; his writings from this time are collected in Writing By Candlelight ( 1980 ).

By the early 1930s Gardner's activities had moved from those exclusively of a civil servant, and he began to think of himself more as a folklorist, archaeologist and anthropologist.

By 1989 and the election of President Callejas, however, a heavy toll had been taken by regionwide economic recession, civil war in neighboring countries, the drying up of most external credit, and capital flight equaling more than US $ 1. 5 billion.

By the 18th century, the Kirk of Scotland no longer recognized marriages formed by mutual consent and subsequent sexual intercourse, even though the Scottish civil authorities did.

By the early 1700s, it was wrecked with dynastic disputes and civil wars.

By 1547, opposition to Calvin and other French refugee ministers had grown to constitute the majority of the syndics, the civil magistrates of Geneva.

By the 15th century, the Sengoku Jidai civil war erupted, and the vast need for swords together with the ferocity of the fighting caused the highly artistic techniques of the Kamakura period ( known as the " Golden Age of Swordmaking ") to be abandoned in favor of more utilitarian and disposable weapons.

By 1992, several warring factions had emerged in the Liberian civil war, all of which were absorbed in the new transitional government.

By contrast, decisions in civil law jurisdictions are generally very short, referring only to statutes.

By contrast, court decisions in some civil law jurisdictions ( most prominently France ) tend to be extremely brief, mentioning only the relevant legislation and not going into great detail about how a decision was reached.

By the time the civil conflict ended and the government of New Granada and the government of the Isthmus had negotiated the Isthmus's reincorporation to the union, Panama's First Republic had been free for 13 months.

* RSA Vision webcast – " RSA / WWF Series on Global Challenges and the Values we Live By " – Peter Singer on ethics, engagement and civil society

By no means is all nonviolent resistance ( sometimes also called civil resistance ) based on a fundamental rejection of all violence in all circumstances.

By the early 20th century, mass civil disorder had begun and continuously grown.

By the end of the civil war, the Russian economy and infrastructure were heavily damaged.

By then all Hellenistic kingdoms and the Greek city-states were in decline, exhausted from endless civil wars and relying on mercenary troops.

By January 2002, president Ahmad Tejan Kabbah declared the civil war officially over.

By the end of the 19th century, Slovenes had established a standardized literary language, and a thriving civil society.

By the end of the 1820s, along with a general economic recovery, many of these repressive laws were repealed and in 1828 new legislation guaranteed the civil rights of religious dissenters.