By 1881 the Volta associates had succeeded in improving an Edison tinfoil machine to some extent.

By 1881 both Ireland and Wales had representative teams, and in 1883 the first international competition, the Home Nations Championship had begun.

By the late 19th century 90 % of all Shetland was owned by just 32 people, and between 1861 and 1881 more than 8, 000 Shetlanders emigrated.

By 1881, nearly 1500 torpedoes had been produced.

By July 1, 1881, minor party dissension over the Conkling affair remained while President Garfield continued his policy of forbidding Vice President Chester A. Arthur, a Conkling ally, from attending presidential cabinet meetings.

By 1881, civil service reform associations had organized with renewed energy across the nation, including New York.

By 1881, both Marx and Engels began to contemplate a course of development in Russia that would lead directly to the communist stage without the intervening bourgeois stage.

By late 1880 William Bell had begun to organize railway construction in Utah that would become the Palmer controlled Denver and Rio Grande Western Railway in mid 1881.

By 1881 the Fort Worth Democrat was complaining that Hell's Half Acre covered more like.

By 1881 there were fancy restaurants, a bowling alley, four churches, an ice house, a school, an opera house, two banks, three newspapers, and an ice cream parlor, alongside 110 saloons, 14 gambling halls, and numerous brothels all situated among a number of dirty, hardscrabble mines.

By early 1881 the State Department started responding to criticism of the seal, resulting first in an 1882 centennial commemorative coin, and then with Secretary of State Frederick Frelinghuysen asking for funds to create a new design and dies of both the obverse and reverse on January 11, 1884, after getting estimates of the cost.

By 1881, the population of Northwood had reached 257, with 62 houses recorded.

By late 1881 Tombstone had more than 7, 000 citizens, excluding all Chinese, Mexicans, women and children residents.

By 1881 two rail lines and a road which intersected the area were added.

By 1881 the population was between 500 and 600 people.

By 1881, Thornburg was at the junction of the line to What Cheer and a branch to Montezuma

By 1881, a line was completed across Sinepuxent Bay to the shore, bringing rail passengers directly into the town.

By 1881, there was a sawmill, blacksmith shop, general store, a creamery, and two churches.

By August 1881 it had reached Lakeville in Stoddard County.

By the 1870 ’ s Mary was telling her students “ Some day I will have a church of my own .” In 1879 she and her students established the Church of Christ, Scientist, “ to commemorate the word and works of our Master, which should reinstate primitive Christianity and its lost element of healing .” In 1892 at Eddy ’ s direction, the church reorganized as The First Church of Christ, Scientist, “ designed to be built on the Rock, Christ ....” Some years later in 1881, she founded the Massachusetts Metaphysical College, where she taught approximately 800 students in Boston, Massachusetts between the years 1882 and 1889.

By 1881, the population of freedmen had increased in the area, while the number of Native Americans had declined.

By 1881, Mobeetie was the judicial center of the Thirty-fifth District, made up of fifteen counties.

By 1881 there was a railroad station here.

By 1881, Mount Vernon's permanent population was 75.

By 407, the estrangement between the eastern and western courts had become so bitter that it threatened civil war.

By 1000 BC Greek and Phoenician traders had begun to visit the eastern coast of Spain, establishing small trading ports and introducing the native Iberian tribes to the alphabet, iron and the pottery wheel.

By 1000AD the Bantu colonization of the eastern half of South Africa had been completed ( but not Western Cape and Northern Cape, which are believed to have been inhabited by Khoisan people until Dutch colonisation ).

By the end of his sole rule ( AD 14 ), Augustus had expanded the empire to the line of the Danube river, which was to remain its central / eastern European border for its entire history ( except for the occupation of Dacia 105-275 ).

By the mid-1960s, parts of Cambodia's eastern provinces were serving as bases for North Vietnamese Army and Viet Cong ( NVA / VC ) forces operating against South Vietnam, and the port of Sihanoukville was being used to supply them.

By 01: 00 on 27 July, 24th Australian Infantry Brigade was to have captured the eastern end of the Miteirya ridge and would exploit toward the north-west.

By late December to early January, eastern grays begin to arrive in the calving lagoons of Baja.

By 3 million years ago, several australopithecine hominid species had developed throughout southern, eastern and central Africa.

By the end of the 19th century this pastime of collecting material relating to Karelia and the developing orientation towards eastern lands had become a fashion called Karelianism, a form of national romanticism.

By a final placitum issued there, Louis gave Bavaria to Louis the German and disinherited Pepin II, leaving the entire remainder of the empire to be divided roughly into an eastern part and a western.

By the time Chamorros were allowed to return to the Northern Marianas, Carolinians from present-day eastern Yap State and western Chuuk State had settled in the Marianas.

By 19 February 1938, when the group was picked up by the ice breakers Taimyr and Murman, their station had drifted 2850 km to the eastern coast of Greenland.

By mid-Paleozoic, the collision of North America and Europe produced the Acadian-Caledonian uplifts, and a subduction plate uplifted eastern Australia.

By the mid-1980s, observers estimated there were between 300, 000 and 350, 000 Brazilians in the eastern border region.

By the 11th and 12th century, the nomadic confederacy of the Cumans and ( Eastern ) Kipchaks ( who are considered to be either the eastern branch of the Cumans or a distinct but related tribe with whom the Cumans created a confederacy ) were the dominant force over the vast territories stretching from the present-day Kazakhstan, southern Russia, Ukraine, to southern Moldavia and western Wallachia.

By about 2000 BC, the Minoan civilization in Crete had evolved into a naval power exercising effective control of the sea in the eastern Mediterranean.

By November 1941, it was becoming known in the upper reaches of the Nazi leadership and government offices that Hitler intended all the Jews of Europe to be deported to the eastern territories and executed by whatever means.

By the year 400 Greek philosophy, art, literature and architecture had spread far and wide, with the numerous independent Greek colonies that had sprung up throughout the lands of the eastern Mediterranean.

By 2004, it covered about, and was divided by the dome into a western and eastern lobe.

By the Treaty of Bucharest of May 28, 1812 — concluding the Russo-Turkish War, 1806-1812 — the Ottoman Empire ceded the eastern half of the Principality of Moldavia to the Russian Empire.

By 1018 he was an earl, probably of eastern Wessex, and then by around 1020 of all Wessex.

By the end of the neolithic, the Hamangia and Vinča culture developed on what is today Bulgaria, southern Romania and eastern Serbia.

By the late 9th and early 10th centuries, Bulgaria extended to Epirus and Thessaly in the south, Bosnia in the west and controlled all of present-day Romania and eastern Hungary to the north.

By area 29 % of its surface is mountainous ( Carnic Alps, eastern Dolomites and Venetian Prealps ).

By the end of the 7th century a fourth kindred, Cenél Comgaill ( kindred of Comgall ), had emerged, based in eastern Argyll.