By far the largest regional market was the Middle East, to which Brazil sold approximately 50 % of its arms from 1977 through 1988.

By 1977, in its first edition, Disk / Trend, a leading hard disk drive industry marketing consultancy segmented the industry according to MBs ( decimal sense ) of capacity.

By 1977, the Fairchild Channel F had sold 250, 000 units and was second-place behind the VCS.

By the publication of the 1977 game editions, combat was mostly resolved verbally.

By 1977 the EPLF was poised to drive the Ethiopians out of Eritrea.

By 1977 there were 15 to 20 Greenpeace groups around the world.

By 1977 there were one million unemployed people under age 24.

By 1977, Brown was no longer a dominant force in R & B.

* 1977 – Benjamin Clapp, American drummer ( Baptized By Fire, Skeleton Key, and Amfibian )

By 1977, a second wave of the punk rock movement was breaking in the three countries where it had emerged, as well as in many other places.

By the end of 1977, according to music historian Clinton Heylin, they were " England's arch-exponents of New Musick, and the true heralds of what came next.

By most accounts, Coca-Cola was India's leading soft drink until 1977 when it left India after a new government ordered The Coca-Cola Company to turn over its secret formula for Coke and dilute its stake in its Indian unit as required by the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act ( FERA ).

By September 1977, Somalia controlled 90 % of the Ogaden and captured strategic cities such as Jijiga and put heavy pressure on Dire Dawa, threatening the train route from the latter city to Djibouti.

By 1977, it had appeared in an additional 18 languages.

By 1977 the band were performing their own three-chord pop punk material, which was performed alongside cover versions at concerts, primarily at The Casbah, where the band began to perform in February.

By the summer of that year the concerts the Undertones performed would include the song " Teenage Kicks ", which had been written by guitarist John O ' Neill in the summer of 1977.

By 1977, the American Bicycle Association ( ABA ) was organized as a national sanctioning body for the growing sport.

By 1977 their North American tour featured full-scale Laserium effects.

By 1977, the company was selling a heat-resistant duct tape for heating ducts.

By 1977 boron fiber technology had been muscled out by the cheaper material of graphite and was no longer competitive in the market.

By 1977, the introduction of the second generation, known as home computers, made microcomputers considerably easier to use than their predecessors because their predecessors ' operation often demanded thorough familiarity with practical electronics.

By around 1977, most pinball machines in production switched to using solid state electronics for both operation and scoring.

By 1977, ABC had become the nation's highest-rated network.

By May 1977 twenty-seven items of merchandise had been proposed for release by companies including Palitoy, Letraset and Airfix.

Zinc metal was also becoming more commonplace By 1513 metallic zinc ingots from India and China were arriving in London and pellets of zinc condensed in furnace flues at the Rammelsberg in Germany were exploited for cementation brass making from around 1550.

By far the longest canal was the Grand Canal of China, still the longest canal in the world today, and the oldest extant one.

By Dr. Patrick E McGovern, University of Pennsylvania archaeochemist and colleagues from China, Great Britain and Germany.

By the time of the Tang Dynasty five-hundred years after Buddhisms arrival into China, it had transformed into a thoroughly Chinese religious philosophy dominated by the school of Zen Buddhism.

By the time of the Xinhai Revolution in 1911, there were many calls, such as the May Fourth Movement, to completely abolish the old imperial institutions and practices of China.

By 1340, Cairo had a population of close to half a million, making it the largest city west of China.

By manufacturing the aircraft in China, Cessna reports it saved USD $ 71, 000 in production costs per aircraft, or about 40 % of the cost.

By the end of World War II, Chiang had come to believe that democracy was impossible for China to achieve.

By the 200s BC, the crossbow () was well developed and quite widely used in China.

" By assuming the mantle of the legitimate dynasty, the ethnic groups that established such non-Han dynasties are thus regarded as having forfeited their right to remain politically distinct from China.

By the mid-20th century, it was increasingly clear to historians that the notion of " changeless China " was untenable.

( By comparison, the ratio in twelfth-century China was one bureaucrat for every 15, 000 people.

By the 1890s, German colonial expansion in Asia and the Pacific ( Kiauchau in China, the Marianas, the Caroline Islands, Samoa ) led to frictions with Britain, Russia, Japan and the United States.

By 1958 Albania stood with the People's Republic of China in opposing Moscow on issues of peaceful coexistence, de-Stalinization, and Yugoslavia's " separate road to socialism " through decentralization of economic life.

By 1516, the first Portuguese ships had reached Canton on the southern coasts of China.

By 1557, the Portuguese gained a permanent base in China at Macau, which they held until 1999.

By 1980 the firm had operations in southern Africa, Australia, China, Great Britain, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, as well as the United States, and employed 37, 000 people.

By April 1938, Ribbentrop had ended all German arms shipments to China and had all of the German Army officers serving with the Kuomintang government of Chiang Kai-shek recalled ( with the threat that the families of the officers in China would be sent to concentration camps if the officers did not return to Germany immediately ).

By January 1944, Germany had diplomatic relations with only a handful of countries: Argentina, Ireland, Vichy France, the Salo Republic in Italy, Occupied Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Croatia, Bulgaria, Switzerland, the Holy See, Spain, Portugal, Turkey, Thailand, Japan, and the Japanese puppet states of Manchukuo and the Wang Jingwei regime in China.

By that date, the following nations had deposited instruments of definitive adherence to the pact: Afghanistan, Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, China, Cuba, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Estonia, Ethiopia, Finland, Guatemala, Hungary, Iceland, Latvia, Liberia, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Peru, Portugal, Romania, the Soviet Union, the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, Siam, Spain, Sweden, and Turkey.

By the 8th century first Iranians and then Arabs had imported the craft of papermaking from China, with a paper mill already at work in Baghdad in 794.

By 1279, the Mongols conquered the Song Dynasty and brought all of China under control of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty.

By October 1934, he had them surrounded, prompting them to engage in the " Long March ", a retreat from Jiangxi in the southeast to Shaanxi in the north west of China.

By the early 1900s, the movement included England, Canada, Croatia, France, Denmark, Italy, America, the Philippines, China, and Hungary.