By the time of the 28th Congress of the CPSU in July 1990, the party was largely regarded as being unable to lead the country and had, in fifteen republics, split into opposing factions favouring either independent republics or the continuation of the Soviet Union.

By 1990 the Soviet government had lost control over economic conditions.

By 1990, an estimated 50 % of islanders had some degree of proficiency in Corsican, and a small minority, perhaps 10 %, used Corsican as a first language.

By the end of 1990 almost 15 million homes had been included in franchised areas, but only 828, 000 of these had been passed by broadband cable and only 149, 000 were actually subscribing.

By 1990, Compaq Europe was a $ 2 billion business, and foreign sales contributed 54 percent of Compaq's revenues.

By 1990, after efforts by Wendy's agency, Backer Spielvolgel Bates, to get humor into the campaign, a decision was made to portray Thomas in a more self-deprecating and folksy manner, which proved much more popular with test audiences.

By 1990, floorball was recognized in 7 countries, and by the time of the first European Floorball Championships in 1994, that number had risen to 14.

By 1990, Chile had fulfilled Hayek's prediction by transitioning to a democratic state as established in the 1980 Constitution of Chile approved during the Pinochet regime.

By 1990 an additional five free zones were in operation in Omoa, Coloma, Tela, La Ceiba, and Amapala.

By 1990 the poorest parts of Malaysia were rural Sabah and Sarawak, which lagged significantly behind the rest of the country.

By 1990, income per capita in Japan equalled or surpassed that in most countries in the West.

By 1990 Japan's interaction with the vast majority of Asia-Pacific countries, especially its burgeoning economic exchanges, was multifaceted and increasingly important to the recipient countries.

By October, a first quarter 1990 release was envisaged.

By the middle of 1990, Taylor controlled much of the country, and by June laid siege to Monrovia.

By 1990 only a handful of Polonized Germans, prewar citizens of Liegnitz, remained of the pre-1945 German population.

By December 1990, a study to estimate the project's cost determined that long-term expenditure would total approximately 450 billion dollars spread over 20 to 30 years.

By the time of Windows 3. 0's 1990 release, PCs had caught up in processing power and had acquired a graphical interface, and software titles began to see release on multiple platforms.

By November 1990, only four months later, the 5th Battalion had deployed and in early 1991 the 21st Guards Battalion had also been formed, four staff courses had been run, support weapons and logistics training was well advanced ( indeed a logistics battalion deployed as early as July 1990 ) and an operational test exercise had been conducted.

By a law that took effect in April 1990, the EPS became subordinate to President Chamorro as commander in chief.

By the end of 1989, the last hardline members of the party's Central Committee had either resigned or been pushed out, followed in 1990 by 95 % of the SED's 2. 3 million members.

By early 1990, the PDS was no longer a Marxist-Leninist party, though neo-marxist and communist minority factions continue to exist.

By the time of the Twenty-Eighth Party Congress in July 1990, the CPSU was regarded by liberals and nationalists of the constituent republics as anachronistic and unable to lead the country.

By 1990 the government had virtually lost control over economic conditions.

By late 1990, Phish's concerts were becoming more and more intricate, often making a consistent effort to involve the audience in the performance.

By the 2004 season the Diamondbacks had dropped to a dismal 51 – 111 record, the worst in Major League Baseball and one of the 10 worst records in the modern era, despite Johnson pitching a perfect game on May 18 of that season.

By the end of the season, the rookie quarterback had rewritten the record book in Charlotte and many more in the NFL ( including most passing yards by a rookie with 4, 051, previously held by Peyton Manning with 3, 739 ; and most rushing touchdowns by a QB with 14 ).

By 1970, both Parton and Wagoner had grown frustrated by her lack of solo chart success, and Porter had her record Jimmie Rodgers ' " Mule Skinner Blues ", a gimmick that worked.

By the mid-1980s, her record sales were still relatively strong, with " Save the Last Dance for Me ", " Downtown ", " Tennessee Homesick Blues " ( all 1984 ); " Real Love " ( another duet with Kenny Rogers ), " Don't Call It Love " ( both 1985 ); and " Think About Love " ( 1986 ) all reaching the country-singles Top 10.

By the middle of December, some high-speed runs were made, in excess of but still well below Campbell's existing record.

By constructing a calibration curve of the ID of species ' pairs with known divergence times in the fossil record, the data could be used as a molecular clock to estimate the times of divergence of pairs with poorer or unknown fossil records.

By 2006, such was the confusion from these multiple Acts, each amending the others ( and not all of which were ever actually commenced and thus were in the public record but not enforced as actual legislation ); and the amendments of Irish firearms legislation by other Acts ranging from the Wildlife Acts ( mostly relating to hunting law ) to the Road Traffic Acts ( relating to how and where firearms could be transported ) and others ; the large amount of secondary legislation ( Statutory Instruments, which set out regulations, the design of application forms for licences and so forth, as well as the details of when various parts of the Acts came into force ); as well as the introduction of EU firearms law into the canon of Irish legislation ; led the Irish Law Reform Commission to recommend that all the extant legislation be restated a legal process by which all the existing primary and secondary legislation would be read as one and a single document produced as the new Firearms Act ( and all prior Acts would be repealed ).

By taking off like the scissors, but extending his back and flattening out over the bar, Sweeney achieved a more economic clearance and raised the world record to in 1895.

By the 1920s, the idea of an Israelite conquest of Canaan-the story of the book of Joshua-was not supported by the archaeological record.

By the time Aaron retired, he and his brother held the record for most career home runs by a pair of siblings ( 768 ).

By the end of the season, the Wizards held a record of 16 – 7 – 9, the best in the league.

By December 15, 2010 it broke the record for longest serving spacecraft at Mars, with 3, 340 days of operation, claiming the title from NASA's Mars Global Surveyor.

By the time the historical written record begins to cover this area, it has already seen a number of invasions sweep over it, leaving social and political upheaval in their wake.

By, age was taking its toll on the Vikings, but they still made the playoffs with an 8 – 7 – 1 record.

By winning their first 13 games, the Saints also set the record for the longest undefeated season opening ( 13 – 0 ) by an NFC team since the AFL – NFL merger, surpassing the previous record ( 12 – 0 ) held by the 1985 Chicago Bears.

By interviewing widely, oral historians seek points of agreement among many different sources, and also record the complexity of the issues.

By 1970, Dot had become an all-country label and in 1974, Paramount sold all of its record holdings to ABC Records, which in turn was sold to MCA ( now Universal Music Group ) in 1979.

By circa 1980 the use of a " record changer ", which might scuff up or otherwise damage the discs, was widely disparaged, so the " turntable " emerged triumphant and retained its position to the end of the 20th Century and beyond.

By 1890, record manufacturers had begun using a rudimentary duplication process to mass-produce their product.

By this time home phonographs had become much more common, though it wasn't until the 1940s that console radio / phono set-ups with automatic record changers became more common.

By the 1960s, cheaper portable record players and record changers which played stacks of records in wooden console cabinets were popular, usually with heavy and crude tonearms in the portables.

By contrast, the Indianapolis Colts — among the most successful franchises in any sport during the 2000s with quarterback Peyton Manning — had a 2-14 record in 2011 because of injuries that prevented Manning from playing.

By the 1991 season, the Cowboys finished with an 11-5 record and made the playoffs for the first time in six years.