By decree of pope Leo X they were created papal nobles, ranking as Comes palatinus (' Count Palatine '), familiars and members of the papal household, so that they might enjoy all the privileges of domestic prelates and of prelates in actual attendance on the Pope, as regards plurality of benefices as well as expectives.

By coming down solidly on the side of Spanish interests, in part because Gregory XIV was elected due to the influence of the Spanish cardinals, the recent papal policy of trying to maintain a balance between Spain and France was abandoned.

By 1212, both John and Otto were engaged in power struggles against Pope Innocent III, John over his refusal to accept the papal nomination for the Archbishop of Canterbury, and Otto over his attempt to strip Frederick II of his Sicilian crown.

By the end of the year, a solution was offered by the new papal bull Etsi de statu, which allowed clerical taxation in cases of pressing urgency.

By the end of the 12th century the word Ruthenia had come into use ( among the alternative spellings Ruscia and Russia ) in Latin papal documents to denote the lands formerly dominated by Kiev.

By the time Alberic I was killed at Orte in 924, the Roman landowners had won complete victory over the traditional bureaucracy represented by the papal curia.

By the time of the English Reformation, the Donation had been exposed as a papal forgery.

By 1426, however, he had gone back to Italy, this time to Bologna, where he entered the service of Cardinal Louis Aleman, the papal legate.

By a papal bull — on January 12, 1633 — the society was constituted a congregation, with St Vincent de Paul as its head.

By 1514 Francesco was a member of the papal household in Rome.

By early 1539 Francesco and his father were once again employed by the papal court.

By the Union, Atanasie and the other bishops and their diocese accepted papal supremacy while keeping their own Greek Byzantine liturgical rite.

By 1535 he had moved to Rome, where he was a singer in the papal choir, evidently due to the interest of Pope Paul III who was partial to Spanish singers.

By 1114, Mauritius had become embroiled in a dispute with the Spanish primate and papal legate in Castile, Bernard of Toledo, to the extent that he was called to Rome and suspended by Pope Paschal II ( 1099 – 1118 ).

By Christmas 1944, housing had been provided at Castel Gandolfo, a papal residence, for 15000 refugees from the invading Nazi forces.

By the mid-12th century, papal power had dwindled somewhat, and Rome was controlled by the Commune of Rome.

By papal dispensation, he married Charlotte des Essarts, Mademoiselle de La Haye in 1611.

By a public decree, this fine work was placed in one of the stanze of the Vatican hitherto reserved for the most precious works of antiquity.

By a decree of 27 December 1999, the constitution was suspended and all the institutions of government were dissolved.

By 1982, the perceived passivity of the FARC, together with the relative success of the government's efforts against the M-19 and ELN, enabled the administration of the Liberal Party's Julio César Turbay ( 1978 – 1982 ) to lift a state-of-siege decree that had been in effect, on and off, for most of the previous 30 years.

Of oil merchants in Baku Çelebi writes: " By Allah's decree petroleum bubbles up out of the ground, but in the manner of hot springs, pools of water are formed with petroleum congealed on the surface like cream.

By decree of the President of the Italian Republic of 2 June 2010, Kabir Bedi was officially knighted.

By decree of Ptolemy III Euergetes, all visitors to the city were required to surrender all books and scrolls, as well as any form of written media in any language in their possession which, according to Galen, were listed under the heading " books of the ships ".

By one of Athalaric's own additions to the decree, it was decided that if a disputed election was carried before the Gothic officials of Ravenna by the Roman clergy and people, three thousand solidi would have to be paid into court.

By the Khan's decree, the school also was exempt from taxation.

By decree of Pope Pius XII in 1949, the remains of Pius VI were moved to the Chapel of the Madonna below St. Peter's in the Papal Grotto.

By a presidential decree, the Brouwez House, site of Lumumba's brutal torture on the night of his murder, became a place of pilgrimage in the Congo.

By a decree of 5 May 2000, the Second Sunday of Easter ( the Sunday after Easter Day itself ), is known also in the Roman Rite as Divine Mercy Sunday.

By Venezuelan decree, uniforms are required at all schools in all grades.

By decree of the emperor Francis I of Austria in the year 1816 Monza officially became a city.

By public decree temples, priests, and sacrifices were accorded her.

: By the decree of God, for the manifestation of his glory, some men and angels are predestinated unto everlasting life, and others foreordained to everlasting death.

By decree of the Holy See, the Augustinian Order is granted exempt status, which places it under the direct dependence of the Pope, meaning that bishops have no jurisdiction with regards to the internal affairs of the Order.

By a decree of July 6, 1785, the value of the United States dollar was set to approximately match the Spanish dollar, both of which were based on the weight of silver in the coins.

By decree of 25 December 1803 the Mamluks were organized into a company attached to the Chasseurs-à-Cheval of the Imperial Guard.

By 1774, when a decree ended indentured servitude for whites, there were some 18 to 19 million coffee trees on the island.

" By a decree of 4 February 1794 ( 16 pluviôse ) it also ratified and expanded to the whole French colonial empire the 1793 abolition of slavery on Saint-Domingue by civil commissioners Sonthonax and Polverel, though this did not affect Martinique or Guadeloupe and was abolished by the law of 20 May 1802.

By a decree of the Sacred Congregation of Ceremonial of 31 December 1930 the Holy See granted bishops of the Roman Catholic Church the title of Most Reverend Excellency ( Latin, Excellentia Reverendissima ).

* By declaring that the revised liturgy of the Mass promulgated and defended by these popes is evil, they teach that the Church can decree evil and has decreed evil.

By a decree of the oracle of Dodona, which required the Athenians to grant land for a shrine or temple her cult was introduced into Attica by immigrant Thracian residents, and, though Thracian and Athenian processions remained separate, both cult and festival became so popular that in Plato's time ( ca.

By Otto's marriage to Eilika, daughter of Magnus, Duke of Saxony, the Ascanians became heirs to half of the property of the House of Billung, former dukes of Saxony.

By March 1932, Capp was drawing Colonel Gilfeather, a single-panel, AP-owned property created in 1930 by Dick Dorgan.

By the well ordering principle, if there are positive integers that satisfy a given property, then there is a smallest positive integer that satisfies that property ; therefore, there is a smallest positive integer satisfying the property " not definable in under eleven words ".

By not asking about the horses, Confucius demonstrates that the sage values human beings over property ; readers are led to reflect on whether their response would follow Confucius's and to pursue self-improvement if it would not have.

By the laws of England, every invasion of private property, be it ever so minute, is a trespass ...

By March 1774, the harsh treatment of settlers and their property by Allen and the Boys prompted Tryon to increase some of the rewards to £ 100.

By pursuing exclusive publication rights for his own works, he set one of the most important early precedents for regarding music as the intellectual property of the composer.

By this system, the children were free people and could inherit property, thus originating a class of " mulattos " with property and some with wealthy fathers.

By 1789, they owned one-third of the plantation property and one-quarter of the slaves of Saint-Domingue.

By the 16th century, the rulers of Moscow considered the entire Russian territory their collective property.

By the *- homomorphism property of the functional calculus, the operator

By 1824 the decision had been made to sell their property in Indiana and search for land to the east.

By providing innovators with " durable and tangible return on their investment of time, labor, and other resources ", intellectual property rights seek to maximize social utility.

By assuming the Earth to possess a soul ( a property he would later invoke to explain how the sun causes the motion of planets ), he established a speculative system connecting astrological aspects and astronomical distances to weather and other earthly phenomena.

By the end of the year, he completed the manuscript for Astronomia nova, though it would not be published until 1609 due to legal disputes over the use of Tycho's observations, the property of his heirs.

By 1857 he had accumulated over 800 pages of notes and short essays on capital, landed property, wage labour, the state, and foreign trade and the world market ; this work did not appear in print until 1941, under the title Grundrisse.

By extension the term parish refers not only to the territorial unit but to the people of its community or congregation as well as to church property within it.

By either standard, one's body is one's property.

By contrast the rights of a leaseholder originate in personal actions and so the common law originally treated a leasehold as part of personal property.

By a general property of the Fourier transform, that symmetry means it is the complex conjugate of:

Suppose ( A < sub > 1 </ sub >, φ < sub > 1 </ sub >) is an initial morphism from X < sub > 1 </ sub > to U and ( A < sub > 2 </ sub >, φ < sub > 2 </ sub >) is an initial morphism from X < sub > 2 </ sub > to U. By the initial property, given any morphism h: X < sub > 1 </ sub > → X < sub > 2 </ sub > there exists a unique morphism g: A < sub > 1 </ sub > → A < sub > 2 </ sub > such that the following diagram commutes: