By the end of the century the Roman Catholic Church was beginning to make itself felt, mainly through such institutions as hospitals but also through its attitude towards organized labour.

By the early 5th century Britain had been Roman for over three hundred and fifty years.

By the 5th century AD, Rome was in decline and the Roman predecessor town of Alicante, known as Lucentum ( Latin ), was more or less under the control of the Visigothic warlord Theudimer.

By the mid-nineteenth century there were Wesleyan, Primitive Methodist, United Free Methodist, Congregationalist, Baptist, Swedenborgian, Unitarian, Roman Catholic and Catholic Apostolic churches in the town.

By the Roman period brass was being deliberately produced from metallic copper and zinc minerals using the cementation process and variations on this method continued until the mid 19th century.

By the first century BC brass was available in sufficient supply to use as coinage in Phrygia and Bithynia, and after the Augustan currency reform of 23 BC it was also used to make Roman dupondii and sestertii.

By the time of the rediscovery of the Roman law in Europe in the 12th and 13th centuries, the common law had already developed far enough to prevent a Roman law reception as it occurred on the continent.

" By the time of Justinian ( reigned 527-565 ), Roman Law recognized a range of corporate entities under the names universitas, corpus or collegium.

By 6, Domitian's mother and sister had long died, while his father and brother were continuously active in the Roman military, commanding armies in Germania and Judaea.

By the Roman period, however, the sacrifices were performed in the mid-afternoon.

By the first century BC Germanic languages had become prevalent, and the inhabitants were called Belgæ while the area was the coastal district of Gallia Belgica, the most northeastern province of the Roman Empire at its height.

By Roman custom, February 24 is the day added to a leap year in the Julian calendar.

By the devotio of a voluntary oath, a slave might achieve the quality of a Roman ( Romanitas ), become the embodiment of true virtus ( manliness, or manly virtue ), and paradoxically, be granted missio while remaining a slave.

By AD 100, the time of Tacitus's Germania, Germanic tribes settled along the Roman frontier at the Rhine and the Danube ( the Limes Germanicus ), occupying most of the area of modern Germany ; however, Austria, southern Bavaria, and the western Rhineland were Roman provinces.

By the end of the Roman Empire, having undergone Christian attack and repression, Epicureanism had all but died out, and would be resurrected in the 17th century by the atomist Pierre Gassendi, who adapted it to the Christian doctrine.

By 407 there were no new Roman coins going into circulation, and by 430 it is likely that coinage as a medium of exchange had been abandoned.

By the 3rd century, Pagans Hill Roman Temple in Somerset was able to exist peaceably and it did so into the 5th century.

* Roman London-" In their own words " By Kevin Flude

By contrast it was continually read and taught in the Greek-speaking Eastern Roman Empire where the majority of the classics also survived.

By 1212 John had successfully concluded alliances with Renault of Dammartin, who controlled Boulogne, and Count Ferdinand of Flanders, as well as Otto IV, a contender for the crown of Holy Roman Emperor in Germany ; Otto was also John's nephew.

By the 5th century, when the public performance of pagan rites had been outlawed, a nominally Christian Roman populace still clung to the Lupercalia in the time of Pope Gelasius I ( 494 – 96 ).

By 69, when the Batavians, the original inhabitants of the Rhine and Maas delta, revolted, a village called Oppidum Batavorum had formed near the Roman camp.

By 1946, as the growing fellowship quarreled over structure, purpose, and authority, as well as finances and publicity, Wilson began to form and promote what became known as AA's Twelve Traditions, guidelines for an altruistic, unaffiliated, non-coercive, and non-hierarchical structure that limited AA's purpose to only helping alcoholics on a non-professional level while shunning publicity.

By contrast, in civil law jurisdictions ( the legal tradition that prevails in, or is combined with common law in, Europe and most non-Islamic, non-common law countries ), courts lack authority to act where there is no statute, and judicial precedent is given less interpretive weight ( which means that a judge deciding a given case has more freedom to interpret the text of a statute independently, and less predictably ), and scholarly literature is given more.

By 1974, another challenge to the state's authority and legitimacy had come from 19 April Movement ( M-19 ), a mostly urban guerrilla group founded allegedly in response to an electoral fraud during the final National Front election of Misael Pastrana ( 1970 – 1974 ) and the defeat of former dictator Gustavo Rojas.

" By leaving Knight intact, the associate justice restricted the authority of the federal government over local businesses or factories whose raw materials or products were part of interstate commerce.

By January 1972, Berg introduced through his letters that he was God's prophet for this time, further establishing his spiritual authority within the group.

By 1769 the situation in the Grants had deteriorated to the point where surveyors and other figures of New York authority were being physically threatened and driven from the area.

Faith involves more than outward obedience to this authority, but also must be based on a deep personal understanding of religious teachings. By faith is meant, first, conscious knowledge, and second, the practice of good deeds.

By our Apostolic authority we forbid also the fortifying of churches and their conversion to profane uses.

By 1794, after Washington ordered the protesters to appear in U. S. district court, the protests turned into full-scale defiance of federal authority known as the Whiskey Rebellion.

By this time, the office of duke of Swabia had been fully subsumed into the office of the king, and without royal authority had become meaningless.

By the beginning of the 16th century the Libyan coast had minimal central authority and its harbours were havens for pirates.

By the 16th century, the manikongo held authority from the Atlantic in the west to the Kwango River in the east.

By not replacing the slain senators, and not consulting the Senate on all matters of government, he diminished both the size and also the authority of the Senate.

By the time of Constans II ( who also organized campaigns against the Slavs ), the significant number of the Slavs of Macedonia were captured and transferred to central Asia Minor where they were forced to recognize the authority of the Byzantine emperor and serve in its ranks.

By extension, the word manor is sometimes used in England to mean any home area or territory in which authority is held, often in a police or criminal context.

By excluding the Bavarian line of Ottonians from the line of succession, Otto's son and successor Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor strengthened Imperial authority and secured his own son's succession to the Imperial throne.

" By means of religion ," d ' Alembert wrote, " the Jesuits established a monarchical authority in Paraguay, founded solely on their powers of persuasion and on their lenient methods of government.

By the beginning of the 1st Century BC, the Rex Sacrorum was all but forgotten and the pontifex maximus given almost complete religious authority over the Roman religion.

By 1580, even men wore them, and a person with authority or wealth was often referred to as, " well-heeled ".

By that time, the moral authority of Barre's government had collapsed.

By the 11th century BC, the authority of the New Kingdom dynasties had diminished, allowing divided rule in Egypt, and ending Egyptian control of Kush.

By 1330s, the Chagatayids exercised the full authority over the Uighur Kingdom in Turfan.

By 801, a strong central authority appears to have been established in Jutland, and the Danes were beginning to look beyond their own territory for land, trade and plunder.