By the crusader period, a cistern under the former basilica was rumoured to have been the location that Helena had found the True Cross, and began to be venerated as such ; although the cistern later became the Chapel of the Invention of the Cross, there is no evidence for the rumour prior to the 11th century, and modern archaeological investigation has now dated the cistern to the 11th century repairs by Monomachos.

By the 11th century, Italian monks were flavoring crudely distilled spirits with juniper berries.

By the late 11th century, the Islamic Sayfawa ( Saifawa ) dynasty was founded by Humai ( Hummay ) ibn Salamna.

By the 11th century, particularly during the reign of Yaroslav the Wise, Kievan Rus ' displayed an economy and achievements in architecture and literature superior to those that then existed in the western part of the continent.

By at least the 11th century BC the island was ruled by a kingdom / chiefdom, and the subsequent transition to aristocratic ( or possibly tyrannic ) rule occurred sometime over the next four centuries.

By the turn from the 10th to the 11th century, the smaller burghs in the Parseta area were given up.

By the 11th century, clear glass mirrors were being produced in Moorish Spain.

By the 11th century some Hausa states-such as Kano, Jigawa, Katsina, and Gobir-had developed into walled towns engaging in trade, servicing caravans, and the manufacture of various goods.

By the 11th century, playing cards could be found throughout the Asian continent.

By the 11th and 12th century, the nomadic confederacy of the Cumans and ( Eastern ) Kipchaks ( who are considered to be either the eastern branch of the Cumans or a distinct but related tribe with whom the Cumans created a confederacy ) were the dominant force over the vast territories stretching from the present-day Kazakhstan, southern Russia, Ukraine, to southern Moldavia and western Wallachia.

By the 11th century, the area of today's Transylvania became a largely autonomous part of the Kingdom of Hungary.

By the 11th century BC, the authority of the New Kingdom dynasties had diminished, allowing divided rule in Egypt, and ending Egyptian control of Kush.

By the 11th and 12th centuries, European fighting ships were built with raised platforms fore and aft, from which archers could shoot down into the relatively low longships.

By the end of the 11th century, the city had spread across the Darro to reach the hill of the future Alhambra, and included the Albayzín ( also Albaicín or El Albaicín ) neighborhood ( a world heritage site ).

By the 11th century, Neo-Platonism was adopted by the Fatimid state of Egypt, and taught by their da ' i. Neo-Platonism was brought to the Fatimid court by Iraqi Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani, although his teachings differed from Nasafi and Sijistani, who were more aligned with original teachings of Plotinus.

By the 1997 – 98 season, Fox had 3 shows in the Nielsen Top 20, The X-Files which ranked 11th, King of the Hill which ranked 15th, and The Simpsons which ranked 17th.

By calculating the area under the relevant portion of the graph for 50 trials, the archaeologist can say that there is practically no chance the site was inhabited in the 11th and 12th centuries, about 1 % chance that it was inhabited during the 13th century, 63 % chance during the 14th century and 36 % during the 15th century.

By the 11th century, the table fork had made its way to Italy.

By the middle of the 11th century, the Norwegian kingdom was firmly established, although there was still only a very rudimentary administrative framework.

By the middle of the 11th century, the Norwegian kingdom was firmly established, although there was still only a very rudimentary administrative framework.

By the late 11th century, the founding elite became obsolete while political partisanship and factionalism at court undermined the marriage strategies of the professional elite, which dissolved as a distinguishable social group and was replaced by a multitude of gentry families.

By the 11th century, East Slavs assimilated the Uralic tribes Merya and Muroma, and the Baltic tribe Eastern Galindae that inhabited the same area ( now Central Russia ).

By the 11th or 12th centuries, a new Arabic translation directly based upon the Samaritan Pentateuch had appeared in Nablus.

By the 12th century, the Mishneh Torah ( i. e., Rabbi Moses Maimonides ) was criticizing Christianity on the grounds of idol worship, in that Christians attributed divinity to Jesus who had a physical body.

By the time of the rediscovery of the Roman law in Europe in the 12th and 13th centuries, the common law had already developed far enough to prevent a Roman law reception as it occurred on the continent.

By the 12th to 13th centuries A. D., monks were preparing illuminated manuscripts on vellum and parchment in monasteries throughout Europe and were using lead styli to draw lines for their writings and for the outlines for their illuminations.

By the middle of the 12th century, coats of arms were being inherited by the children of armigers ( persons entitled to use a coat of arms ) across Europe.

By the end of the 12th century they had become holy days of obligation across Europe and involved such traditions as ringing bells for the souls in purgatory and " souling ", the custom of baking bread or soul cakes for " all crysten christened souls ".

By the 12th century, the Akan Kingdom of Bonoman ( Bono State ) was established.

By the 12th century, they had established their center at Azcapotzalco, the city of the Tepanecs.

By the 12th century, the peoples inhabiting the lands now known as Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania formed a pagan wedge between increasingly powerful rival Christian states – Greek Orthodox Church to their east and Catholic Church to their west.

By overblowing, that is, increasing the pressure of breath and tension of lips, odd harmonics ( notes whose frequencies are odd-number multiples of the fundamental ), near a 12th in cylindrical tubes, may also be produced.

By the 12th century AD, a number of loosely connected rice-growing and trading states flourished in the upper Chao Phraya Valley.

By the 12th century, Tongans, and the Tongan kings, the Tu ' i Tonga, were known across the Pacific, from Niuē, Samoa to Tikopia they ruled these nations for over 400 years, sparking some historians to refer to a " Tongan Empire ," although it was more so a network of interacting navigators, chiefs, and adventurers.

By the 12th century, all Wendish lands had become part of the Holy Roman Empire.

By 1200 BC the power of Mycenae was declining ; during the 12th century, Mycenaean dominance collapsed.

By the end of the 12th century, there were cast iron grenades filled with gunpowder formulations capable of bursting through their metal containers.

By the 12th century, eight Georgian monasteries were listed in Jerusalem.

By the 12th century, Totnes was already an important market town, due to its position on one of the main roads of the South West, in conjunction with its easy access to its hinterland and the easy navigation of the River Dart.

By the 12th and final season, series regular James MacArthur had left the show ( in 1996, he admitted that he had become tired and wanted to do other things ), as had Kam Fong.

By the 12th century Italian flutes came in a variety of sizes, and fragments of 12th-century Norman bone whistles have been found in Ireland, and an intact 14 cm Tusculum clay whistle from the 14th century in Scotland.

By the 12th century, " Saracen " had become synonymous with " Muslim " in Medieval Latin literature.

By the 12th century, Medieval Europeans had more specific conceptions of Islam and " Saracen " had become a racial and religious marker.

By the end of the 12th century, the order had spread throughout France and into England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland, Spain, Portugal, Italy, and Eastern Europe.