By the end of the century the Roman Catholic Church was beginning to make itself felt, mainly through such institutions as hospitals but also through its attitude towards organized labour.

By 1840 there were still only ten colonial bishops for the Church of England ; but even this small beginning greatly facilitated the growth of Anglicanism around the world.

By the beginning of the 8th century, these kingdoms had either been conquered by Nicene neighbors ( Ostrogoths, Vandals, Burgundians ) or their rulers had accepted Nicene Christianity ( Visigoths, Lombards ).

By the beginning of 1204, Isaac II and Alexios IV had inspired little confidence among the people of Constantinople in their efforts to defend the city from the Latins and Venetians, who were restless and rioted when the money and aid promised by Alexios IV was not forthcoming.

By the beginning of World War II, many towns and cities had built space, and there were numerous qualified pilots available.

By the 1950s, the development of civil jets grew, beginning with the de Havilland Comet, though the first widely-used passenger jet was the Boeing 707, because it was much more economical than other planes at the time.

By the beginning of the twentieth century, Steiner's interests turned to explicitly spiritual areas of research.

By the time the Gospels of Luke and Matthew were written, Jesus is portrayed as being the Son of God from the time of birth, and finally the Gospel of John portrays him as the pre-existent Word () as existing " in the beginning ".

By a 20th-century classification, the idealists ( Kant, Hegel and others ), are considered the beginning of continental philosophy, while the empiricists are the beginning, or the immediate predecessors, of analytical philosophy.

By the mid-1990s, however, companies were beginning to ask what the return was on the investment they had made in this loosely controlled PC software buying spree.

By the end of Judges the Israelites are in a worse condition than they were at the beginning, with Yahweh's treasures used to make idolatrous images, the Levites ( priests ) corrupted, the tribe of Dan conquering a remote village instead of the Canaanite cities, and the tribes of Israel making war on the Benjamites, their own brothers.

By the late 19th century, as a result of the faster shipping, expanding fishery and industrialization of the island, exchanges of people between the island of Newfoundland and Cape Breton increased beginning a cultural exchange that continues to this day.

By early 2000 there had been the beginning of an economic recovery, with the export sector leading the way, as it enjoyed the benefit of the more competitive exchange rate, as well as strong prices for petroleum, Colombia's leading export product.

By the 19th century, the season for celery had been extended, to last from the beginning of September to late in April.

By the beginning of the Warring States, progress in astronomy and mathematics allowed the creation of calculated calendars ( where intercalary months and days are set by a rule, and not arbitrarily ).

By the beginning of the eighteenth century, the Royal Society in England was discussing the practice of inoculation, and the smallpox epidemic in 1713 spurred further interest.

By the beginning of 1984, quarterly sales of the ColecoVision had dramatically decreased.

By the beginning of the 19th century, government policy on both sides of the Atlantic began to change, reflecting the growing popularity of the proposition that corporations were riding the economic wave of the future.

By the beginning of August 1524, they had received the requisite permission to discover and conquer lands further south.

By convention, unknowns are denoted by letters at the end of the alphabet, x, y, z, w, …, while knowns are denoted by letters at the beginning, a, b, c, d, ….

By the time Allen reached his teens, the area, while still a difficult area in which to make a living, began to resemble a town, with wood-frame houses beginning to replace the rough cabins of the early settlers.

By convention, letters at the beginning of the alphabet ( e. g. ) are typically used to represent constants, and those toward the end of the alphabet ( e. g. and ) are used to represent variables.

By 1912 and 1913, there are beginning to be many films from many American companies that rely on applying novel decoration to the story, rather than supplying any twists to the drama itself to sustain interest.

By the beginning of the Civil War, Austria-Hungary, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland had recognized Finnish independence.

By December, 1958, when ' Abdallah Ibrahim became President of the Council, elections had even greater importance.

By December 1863 a proposed constitutional amendment that would outlaw slavery absolutely was brought to Congress for passage.

By December 1790 Phillip was ready to return to England, but the colony had largely been forgotten in London and no instructions reached him, so he carried on.

By December they decided to try his plan and made him a Colonel.

By a decree of 27 December 1999, the constitution was suspended and all the institutions of government were dissolved.

By December, the capital city of Nanjing had fallen to the Japanese, and Chiang moved the government inland, first to Wuhan and later to Chongqing.

By December 2001, it was ratified by the ECMA, with ISO standardization following in April 2003.

By December 1918, he left his father's home to attempt to find a job in San Francisco, California.

By December 1981, however, the U. S. had already begun to support armed opponents of the Sandinista regime.

By the time of the national assembly elections in December 1992, only three had qualified.

By December 5, 1969, the entire four-node network was established.

By the afternoon of 20 December Vitellius was dead, his armies having been defeated by the Flavian legions.

By the middle of December, some high-speed runs were made, in excess of but still well below Campbell's existing record.

By December 2006, over 1, 237, 000 square kilometers of forest land in Canada ( about half the global total ) had been certified as being sustainably managed ( Canadian Sustainable Forestry Certification Coalition ).

By the end of July 1948 Orwell was able to return to Jura and by December he had finished the manuscript of Nineteen Eighty-Four.

By the first week in December 2005, it had sold over 1 million physical copies.

By December 1958, the game Gettysburg from the Avalon Hill company had particularly captured Gygax's attention.

By late December to early January, eastern grays begin to arrive in the calving lagoons of Baja.

By December 1941, Hitler's troops had advanced to within 20 miles of the Kremlin in Moscow.

By December 1996 the Conservatives had lost their majority in the House of Commons.

By December 5, three months after leaving Los Angeles, Carson had brought Kearny's men to within of their destination San Diego.

By the end of the second day, December 7, the Americans were nearly out of food and water, low on ammunition and weak from the journey along the Gila River.

By December 10, Kearny believed all hope was gone, and planned to attempt a breakout the next morning.

By 28 December, the museum was cleared of most works, except those that were too heavy and " unimportant paintings were left in the basement ".

By December 15, 2010 it broke the record for longest serving spacecraft at Mars, with 3, 340 days of operation, claiming the title from NASA's Mars Global Surveyor.