By classical Greece and Rome, the reduction of words to single letters was still normal, but can default.

By the time of Antoine Lavoisier, for example, a list of elements would no longer refer to classical elements.

By the 1870s, Herbert Spencer and other classical liberals concluded that historical development was turning against them.

By the First World War, the Liberal Party had largely abandoned classical liberal principles.

By 1947, Hayek was an organizer of the Mont Pelerin Society, a group of classical liberals who sought to oppose what they saw as socialism in various areas.

By analogy with classical mechanics, the Hamiltonian is commonly expressed as the sum of operators corresponding to the kinetic and potential energies of a system, in the form

By the time of independence of Pakistan in 1947, Karachi had become a bustling metropolis with beautiful classical and colonial European styled buildings, lining the city ’ s thoroughfares.

By the 1930s, many revisions of the rules developed that were substantially different from Babcock's classical version ( including some that were considered fundamentals in other variants, such as the notion of a standard hand ).

By contrast, in classical PKU, prolactin levels would be relatively normal.

By the end of the 18th century, in addition to the trivium and quadrivium of the Middle Ages, the definition of a classical education embraced study of literature, poetry, drama, philosophy, history, art, and languages.

The lyrics up to this point ( most of them written by Peart ) were heavily influenced by classical poetry, fantasy literature, science fiction, and the writings of novelist Ayn Rand, as exhibited most prominently by their 1975 song " Anthem " from Fly By Night and a specifically acknowledged derivation in 2112 ( 1976 ).

By the 1770s the ideas of Adam Smith, a founder of classical liberalism became important.

By 1941 he was earning a good wage, enough to pay for music lessons with Alberto Ginastera, an eminent Argentine composer of classical music.

By 1971, with the releases Pictures at an Exhibition and Trilogy, Emerson began to fully credit classical composers, Modest Mussorgsky for the piano piece which inspired the first album, and Aaron Copland for " Hoedown " on the second.

By the middle decades of the 20th century, composers like Henry Cowell, Earle Brown, David Tudor, La Monte Young, Jackson Mac Low, Morton Feldman, Sylvano Bussotti, Karlheinz Stockhausen, and George Crumb, re-introduced improvisation to classical music, with compositions that allowed or even required musicians to improvise.

By contrast, opera, fine art, books, poetry and classical music all receive extensive weekly coverage.

Many of the songs on the album display experimentation with unlikely musical genres, borrowing directly from such sources as 1930s dance-hall music ( in " Honey Pie "), classical chamber music ( in " Piggies "), the avant-garde sensibilities of Yoko Ono and John Cage ( in " Revolution 9 "), country-style music ( Ringo Starr's " Don't Pass Me By "), a western-style saloon ballad (" Rocky Raccoon "), and the lush sentimentality of Henry Mancini's film scores ( in " Good Night ").

By extension, outside of classical logic, one can speak of contradictions between actions when one presumes that their motives contradict each other.

By classical times the name of the place had evolved into the Akademeia.

By applying variational techniques from classical mechanics, one can also regard geodesics as Hamiltonian flows.

By this point classicism was old enough that previous classical movements received revivals ; for example, the Renaissance was seen as a means to combine the organic medieval with the orderly classical.

By assuming that the material contains immobile positive ions and an " electron gas " of classical, non-interacting electrons, the Drude model was able to explain electrical and thermal conductivity and the Hall effect in metals, although it greatly overestimated the electronic heat capacity.

By the end of the 17th century the " classical " musical culture of Spain was in decline, and was to remain that way until the 19th century.

By contrast, Spartan women enjoyed a status, power, and respect that was unknown in the rest of the classical world.

By the age of six young Johnny indicated that he had the call.

By the time they reach that age, however, Aristotle no longer worries about the evil influence of comedies.

By ancient common law it might be required of all persons above the age of 12, and it was repeatedly used as a test for the disaffected.

By age 8, those who were signing as babies scored an average of twelve points higher on the WISC-III IQ test.

By age three, however, her mother changed her name to Elizabeth Sewall Alcott, after her own mother.

By the age of twenty, Ferdinando I, Duke of Mantua, began commissioning works from him, and he was also employed by local jewelers for figurative designs.

By the help of these discoveries, Angle civilization in the age preceding the invasion of Britannia can be fitted together.

By age 19, Diabelli had already composed several important compositions, including six masses.

By the time of his relatively early death at the age of 51, Erlang created the field of telephone networks analysis.

By the age of 64 after forty years imprisonment ` Abdu ’ l-Bahá was freed by the Young Turks and he and his family began to live in relative safety.

By age 32, Fuller was bankrupt and jobless, living in public, low-income housing in Chicago, Illinois.

By age twenty, she had met and befriended the important, and pivotal, landscape painter of the Barbizon School, Camille Corot, who excelled in figure painting as well.

By the age of four, he was able to play 40 pieces on the piano ; his mother began formally teaching him the next year.

By age 13 Chaplin had fully abandoned education.

By the time Mozart arrived at age 25, in 1781, the dominant styles of Vienna were recognizably connected to the emergence in the 1750s of the early Classical style.

By conceiving a timeless setting — " a vanished age " — and by carefully choosing names that resembled human history, Howard shrewdly avoided the problem of historical anachronisms and the need for lengthy exposition.

By the early 940s Constantine was an old man, perhaps more than 70 years of age.

By 1 July 1933 there were 1, 463 working camps with 250, 000 junior enrollees ( 18 – 25 years of age ), 28, 000 veterans, 14, 000 American Indians, and 25, 000 Locally Enrolled ( or Experienced ) Men ( LEM ).

By the age of Augustus, poets like Virgil closely adhered to the rules of the meter and approached it in a highly rhetorical way, looking for effects that can be exploited in skilled recitation.

By age nine, she was appearing on The Cas Walker Show on both WIVK Radio and WBIR-TV in Knoxville, Tennessee.

By age 16 he had bought his first guitar ( a Harmony acoustic archtop with a sunburst finish ) and begun making contacts in the music business, becoming friends with folk singer Erik Darling, a latter-day member of the Weavers.

By the age of seven, Plato began doing television commercials, reportedly appearing in over 100 spots for companies as diverse as Kentucky Fried Chicken, Dole, and Atlantic Richfield.

By the time Dewey moved to Chicago at the age of thirty-five, he had already published two books on psychology and applied psychology.

By 1952, at the age of 55, Capra effectively retired from Hollywood filmmaking and spent his later years working with Caltech, his alma mater, to produce educational films on science topics.

By the early 20th century, radiometric dating allowed the Earth's age to be estimated at two billion years.