By the mid-1930s, Cukor was not only established as a prominent director but, socially, as an unofficial head of Hollywood's gay subculture.

By the mid-1930s, Hitler ’ s most powerful subordinates were Hermann Göring, as head of the Four Year Plan for crash rearmament, and Heinrich Himmler, head of the SS and police apparatus.

By the mid-1930s most US psychologists had adopted the view that environmental and cultural factors played a dominant role.

By the mid-1930s however, superheterodynes were using higher intermediate frequencies, ( typically around 440 – 470 kHz ), with tuned coils similar in construction to the aerial and oscillator coils.

By the mid-1930s, when he was 26, he began directing a number of the Group Theater's plays.

By the mid-1930s his father's increasing alcoholism and abusive temper ( he had part of his ear bitten off in a poker game fight ) finally led Edwina to separate from him although they never divorced.

By the mid-1930s as Japan's empire was reaching its zenith, the colonial government began a political socialization program designed to enforce Japanese customs, rituals and a loyal Japanese identity upon the aborigines.

By the mid-1930s, British Guiana and the whole British Caribbean were marked by labor unrest and violent demonstrations.

By the mid-1930s, the Metropolitan line was suffering from congestion caused by the limited capacity of its tracks between Baker Street and Finchley Road stations.

By the mid-1930s, the double feature was the dominant U. S. exhibition model, and the majors responded.

By the mid-1930s, the city population had swelled beyond 140, 000 thanks largely to the growing mining and silk textile industries.

By the mid-1930s, the community consisted of several dwellings.

By the mid-1930s, Mildred had half a dozen stores, a church, a school, and a few houses.

By the mid-1930s, MGM had been so impressed by Frank Morgan that they signed him to a lifetime contract.

By the mid-1930s Florey settled into the studio system and produced vehicles for Warren William, Guy Kibbee, and Akim Tamiroff ( briefly promoted as a lead actor ).

By the mid-1930s, Rogers was adored by the American people.

By the mid-1930s, the dry cleaning industry had adopted tetrachloroethylene ( perchloroethylene ), or " perc " for short, as the ideal solvent.

By the time West was an established movie actress in the mid-1930s, they were no longer a couple.

By the mid-1930s, however, a gradual rapprochement between chiefs and intellectuals had begun.

By the mid-1930s the royalties from the " Little House " books brought a steady and increasingly substantial income to the Wilders for the first time in their 50 years of marriage.

By the mid-1930s, she committed to owning thoroughbred horses and to racing them in the US.

By the mid-1930s, popular discontent with the Ranas led to the establishment of several movements, notably the Praja Parishad, to which Tribhuvan himself gave explicit support, to overthrow the Ranas.

By the age of 16, Hazel Scott regularly performed for radio programs for the Mutual Broadcasting System, gaining a reputation as the “ hot classicist .” In the mid-1930s, she also performed at the Roseland Dance Hall with the Count Basie Orchestra.

By the mid-1930s, the traditional way of using milk brought straight from the dairy was becoming a rarity in Devon because using a cream separator, which actively separated the cream from the milk using centrifugal force, before heating produced far more clotted cream for the same amount of milk: as a farmer's wife in Poundsgate said, " the separator saves a whole cow!

By the early 1990s, commercial flights connected Comoros with France, Mauritius, Kenya, South Africa, Tanzania, and Madagascar.

By the 16th century, Cairo also had high-rise apartment buildings where the two lower floors were for commercial and storage purposes and the multiple stories above them were rented out to tenants.

By far the greatest source of dyes has been from the plant kingdom, notably roots, berries, bark, leaves and wood, but only a few have ever been used on a commercial scale.

By 1949, commercial quantities of Grade A 99. 95 % helium were available.

By reducing the rate at which the central bank lends money to commercial banks, the government sends a signal to commercial banks that they should do the same for their customers.

By the mid-century the initial enthusiasm had somewhat diminished in both countries, although the use of lithography was increasingly favored for commercial applications, which included the great prints of Daumier, published in newspapers.

By 1991, it appeared to many that SGML would be limited to commercial and data-based applications while WYSIWYG tools ( which stored documents in proprietary binary formats ) would suffice for other document processing applications.

By the end of the 1990s, he was appearing only in the occasional commercial, largely because of health problems ( in 1995, he was diagnosed with T-cell lymphoma ).

By the 1990s, punk rock was sufficiently ingrained in Western culture that punk trappings were often used to market highly commercial bands as " rebels ".

By the end of the century almost all beer was brewed by commercial breweries.

By 1926 the market for commercial radio had expanded, and RCA purchased the WEAF and WCAP radio stations and networks from AT & T, merged them with its WJZ ( the predecessor of WABC ) New York to WRC ( presently WTEM ) Washington chain, and formed the National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ).

By 1986, although still very much a minority sport, commercial snowboards started appearing in leading French ski resorts.

By 2001, the flat band slingshot had disappeared from commercial production in favour of the tubular band.

By the mid-1990s, SANS evolved into a more commercial format offering events which combined training with tradeshows and vendor-oriented marketing.

By 2006, the Tesla turbine has not seen widespread commercial use since its invention.

By 1969, the debate over virtual memory for commercial computers was over ; an IBM research team led by David Sayre showed that their virtual memory overlay system consistently worked better than the best manually controlled systems.

By the 2000s, Rap and Hip Hop had reached their commercial peaks, and the genre continued to dominate the music scene of the decade The best-selling artist of the decade was the American rapper Eminem, who sold 32 million albums, followed by The Beatles ( who split in 1970 but have stayed extremely popular since ).

By supporting local commercial banks, micro-business banks, equity funds and leasing facilities, the EBRD has helped finance over 1 million smaller projects.

By the end of 2012 cargo supply to the International Space Station will be flown by privately owned commercial craft under NASA's Commercial Resupply Services by SpaceX's successfully tested the partially reusable Dragon spacecraft, and Orbital Sciences ' Cygnus spacecraft ( also slated for testing in 2012 ).

By 1888 Edward Weston had patented and brought out a commercial form of this instrument, which became a standard component in electrical equipment.

By the end of the fifteenth century, commercial contacts with Europe had spawned strong European influences, which permeated areas northward from the West African coast.

By this time mahogany from Cuba, Haiti and other West Indian sources was becoming increasingly difficult to obtain in commercial sizes, and by the late 20th century Central American and even South American mahogany was heading in a similar direction.

By the 1870s, breweries had become the largest users of commercial refrigeration units, though some still relied on harvested ice.