In 1047 Casimir, aided by his Kievan brother-in-law, started a war against Masovia and seized the land.

In autumn his army started to advance towards Moscow, he passed through the Lithuanian territories of his ally king Casimir and stood on the Lithuanian-Muscovite border on the river Ugra.

Construction of the church started during the reign of Charles X of Sweden, and the church is named after Princess Catherine, mother of the king, wife of John Casimir, Palsgrave of Pfalz-Zweibrücken and half-sister of Gustavus Adolphus.

King Casimir continued living with Christine despite complaints by Pope Innocent VI on behalf of Queen Adelaide.

When Géza was born, his parents were living in the court of his mother's brother, King Casimir I of Poland, because Béla had been obliged to leave Hungary after his father made an unsuccessful attempt against his cousin, King Stephen, the first King of Hungary.

In a note issued separately from the treaty, John II Casimir assured the nobles that Poland would continue to treat them as members of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and that thus the nobles would enjoy the same rights and opportunities as the Polish nobles in case they decided to leave for Poland.

In August 1657 Juel was appointed Ambassador to Poland, and though he failed to prevent King John Casimir from negotiating separately with Sweden, he was made a privy councillor on his return home.

Casimir III the Great () ( 30 April 1310 – 5 November 1370 ) who reigned in 1333 – 1370, was the last King of Poland from the Piast dynasty, the son of King Władysław I the Elbow-high and Duchess Hedwig of Kalisz.

Casimir brought her with him from Prague and convinced the abbot of the Benedictine abbey of Tyniec to marry them.

File: Kazimierz III sarcophagus figure. jpg | Effigy of Casimir from his own tomb erected by his nephew around 1371

In quantum field theory, the Casimir effect and the Casimir – Polder force are physical forces arising from a quantized field.

* Casimir effect description from University of California, Riverside's version of the Usenet physics FAQ.

* A. Lambrecht, The Casimir effect: a force from nothing, Physics World, September 2002.

For assistance against the Order, the Confederation asked for help from King Casimir IV of Poland ; Casimir's subsequent claiming of Prussia led to the Thirteen Years ' War.

Poznań and Gniezno were early centres of royal power, but following devastation of the region by pagan rebellion in the 1030s, and the invasion of Bretislaus I of Bohemia in 1038, the capital was moved by Casimir the Restorer from Gniezno to Kraków.

This was followed by a collapse of the monarchy and restoration under Casimir I. Casimir's son Bolesław II the Bold became fatally involved in a conflict with the ecclesiastical authority, and was expelled from the country.

Emperor Sigismund himself was an heir of Casimir III, as eldest son of his mother Elisabeth of Pomerania, who was since 1377 the only surviving child of Elisabeth of Poland, herself daughter of Casimir III from his first marriage with Aldona Gediminaite of Lithuania.

* 1454 – Thirteen Years ' War: Delegates of the Prussian Confederation pledge allegiance to King Casimir IV of Poland who agrees to commit his forces in aiding the Confederation's struggle for independence from the Teutonic Knights.

Other important works from his period in Poland were the tomb of Casimir IV in Wawel Cathedral, the marble tomb of Zbigniew Oleśnicki in Gniezno, and the altar of Saint Stanislaus.

* August 1 – Eighty Years ' War: Ernst Casimir of Nassau-Dietz retakes Oldenzaal, forcing Spain to withdraw from Overijssel.

In May 1654, the Dutch Fort Casimir was captured by soldiers from the New Sweden colony led by governor Johan Risingh.

Casimir arrived to the fortress of Nitra, and then to Perény and Rozgony, but in December he had to flee from Hungary, as the King recovered full control and arrested the traitors.

Poznań and Gniezno were early centers of royal power, but following the region's devastation by pagan rebellion in the 1030s, and an invasion by Bretislaus I of Bohemia in 1038, the capital was moved by Casimir the Restorer from Gniezno to Kraków.

Casimir I the Restorer (; b. Kraków, 25 July 1016 – d. Poznań, 28 November 1058 ), was a Duke of Poland of the Piast dynasty and the de facto monarch of the entire country from 1034 until his death.

The Treaty of Bydgoszcz agreed in 1657 by King John II Casimir Vasa of Poland and Elector Frederick William II of Brandenburg-Prussia created a military alliance between Poland and Prussia while marking the withdrawal of Prussia from its alliance with Sweden.

* 1481: Radom becomes a de-facto capital of Poland after Casimir IV of Poland moves to Lithuania and his son, Saint Casimir to be, ruled the country in his absence from Radom

In the early 13th century Duke Casimir I of Opole decided to move the settlement from the Pasieka island into the right shore of the Odra river ( since the 17th century it is the old stream bed of Odra known as Młynówka ).

Grapeshot " Grapeshot which mortally wounded Count Casimir Pulaski, October 9, 1779, extracted from his body by Dr. James Lynah.

On 29 September 1341, Casimir married his second wife, Adelaide of Hesse.

Casimir effectively divorced Adelaide and married his mistress Christina.

After Aldona's death, Casimir was betrothed to Jutta's elder sister Margaret, however this betrothal was also broken and Casimir remarried to Adelaide of Hesse.

The doctoral thesis, accepted by King John II Casimir University of Lwów in 1920 and published in 1922, included the basic ideas of functional analysis, which was soon to become an entirely new branch of mathematics.

However, soon Casimir returned to Poland and in 1038, once again, tried to regain power with the aide of his influential mother.

It was here the Marquis de Lafayette and Count Casimir Pulaski joined the American Revolution and distinguished themselves soon at the Battle of Brandywine and for many years thereafter in the fight for American freedom from England.

In 1349 the town was captured by the forces of Casimir III, but it was soon retaken by Lithuania.

However, an opponent soon arose to the throne of Kraków: the eldest son of Casimir II the Just, Leszek I the White, but his candidacy collapsed because he based its rule on the count palatine Goworek, who was a stubborn enemy of the voivode Mikołaj.

However, in 1039 Casimir I was supported by Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor against the Bohemians and soon afterwards the legitimate ruler also concluded an alliance with Kievan Rus.

Her husband Casimir is known for his romantic affairs: after Aldona's death he married three more times.

He was slated to become the heir, but did not succeed to the throne, dying childless in 1377, 7 years after King Casimir.

Dutch physicists Hendrik B. G. Casimir and Dirk Polder at Philips Research Labs proposed the existence of a force between two polarizable atoms and between such an atom and a conducting plate in 1947, and, after a conversation with Niels Bohr who suggested it had something to do with zero-point energy, Casimir alone formulated the theory predicting a force between neutral conducting plates in 1948 ; the former is called the Casimir-Polder force while the latter is the Casimir effect in the narrow sense.

Casimir III of Poland issues Poland's first codified collection of laws after the diet of Wiślica.

Wladyslaw was succeeded in the Kingdom of Poland by his younger brother, Duke of Lithuania, Casimir IV Jagiellon in 1447, after a three-year interregnum.

Soon after Jagiello accession to the Polish throne, Jagiello granted Vilnius a city charter like that of Kraków, modeled on the Magdeburg Law ; and Vytautas issued a privilege to a Jewish commune of Trakai on almost the same terms as privileges issued to the Jews of Poland in the reigns of Boleslaus the Pious and Casimir the Great.

Soon after, a barons ' rebellion — coupled with the so-called " Pagan Reaction " of the commoners — forced both Casimir and Richeza to flee to Germany again.

Casimir is known as the Restorer because he managed to reunite all parts of the Polish Kingdom after a period of turmoil.

The importance of mining deposits arose after the capital of Poland was moved from Gniezno to Kraków by Casimir I the Restorer.

John Casimir was, after his brother, the head of the genealogical line of St. Bridget of Sweden, descending in primogeniture from Bridget's sister.

In 1640 he accompanied prince John Casimir of Poland after he was freed from French imprisonment ;< ref >

However, after the defeat of Miecław in 1047 Pomerelians accepted the rule of duke Casimir I the Restorer and the province remained as part of Poland till the 1060s when it broke it ties with the realm.

Bogislaw, son-in-law of king Casimir III of Poland, would become ruler of the area after the partition of Pomerania-Wolgast in 1368.

On January 12, 1656, John Casimir left Krosno, and after three days, arrived at Łańcut Castle, which belonged to the Lubomirski family.

The youngest of his half-brothers, the later High Duke Casimir II the Just was not assigned any province ; it is speculated that he was born after Bolesław III's death.

The Polish king John II Casimir Vasa left Warsaw the same month to confront the Swedish army in the west, but after some skirmishes with the Swedish vanguard retreated southwards to Kraków.

After 1305 part of the united Kingdom of Poland as a vassal duchy, later after 1339 incorporated by the king Casimir III the Great as the Sieradz Voivodship.

After 1305 part of the united Kingdom of Poland as a vassal duchy, later after 1343 incorporated by the king Casimir III the Great as the Łęczyca Voivodship.

After 1305 part of the united Kingdom of Poland as a vassal duchy, later after 1339 incorporated by the Polish king Casimir III the Great as the Sieradz Voivodship.