A Chinese alchemical text dated 492 noted saltpeter burnt with a purple flame, providing a practical and reliable means of distinguishing it from other inorganic salts, thus enabling alchemists to evaluate and compare purification techniques ; the earliest Arabic and Latin accounts of saltpeter purification are dated after 1200.

A Chinese alchemical text from 492 noted that saltpeter gave off a purple flame when ignited, providing for the first time a practical and reliable means of distinguishing it from other inorganic salts, making it possible to evaluate and compare purification techniques.

One difference between mythology and science is exemplified in Chinese mythology: Shennong and Huangdi ( often known as " the Yellow Emperor ") were supposedly friends and fellow scholars, despite the 500 years or seventeen or eighteen generations between the first Shennong and Huangdi ; and, that together they shared the alchemical secrets of medicine, immortality, and making gold.

The most famous Chinese alchemical book, the Tan Chin Yao Ch ’ eh (" Great Secrets of Alchemy ," dating from approximately 650 AD ), discusses in detail the creation of elixirs for immortality ( mercury, sulfur, and the salts of mercury and arsenic are prominent, and most are ironically poisonous ) as well as those for curing certain diseases and the fabrication of precious stones.

According to J. C. Cooper's " Chinese Alchemy: The Taoist Quest for Immortality ," Taoism had two distinct parts, the classical Tao Chia, which was mystical and stemmed primarily from Laozi and Zhuangzi, and the more popular Tao Chiao, which was the popular, magical and alchemical side of Taoism.

Doctrine can be accessed to describe these methods in greater detail ; the majority of Chinese alchemical sources can be found in the Taozang, the " Taoist Canon ".

The meaning of waidan derives from wai ( outside, exterior ) and dan referring to alchemical operations, such as the preparation of chemical elixirs, made from cinnabar, realgar, and other substances generally involving mercury, sulfur, lead, and arsenic or else the animal and botanical products which are found in Chinese herbology and Traditional Chinese medicine.

Recent surveys of the history of Daoism in Chinese have also emphasized Ge ’ s importance in the history of science, based on his detailed descriptions of alchemical processes, which are frequently studied in terms of modern chemistry.

While other Chinese sources was found to discredit the Liu An invention theory, stating Liu An lived with a lot of vegetarian monks and the method was taught by them, or it is the Chinese daoists that was recruited by him used alchemy methods and made both soy milk and bean curd in a more alchemical method as medicines of eternal life, and Liu An is only the powerful noble at that time where he can order the mass-production of such items and spread it around thus making him famous for soy milk and bean curd.

" While there are some superficial similarities to Chinese meridian theory, the Thai system is in fact more closely related to the nadir of the Indian traditions of yoga and Ayurveda.

Japanese writing had long depended on Chinese ideograms ( kanji ), but these were now supplemented by kana, two types of phonetic Japanese script: katakana, a mnemonic device using parts of Chinese ideograms ; and hiragana, a cursive form of kanji writing and an art form in itself.

The Han and Xiongnu empires rose at the same time because the Xiongnu state depended on Chinese tribute.

Japanese writing had long depended on kanji, but these were now supplemented by kana, two types of phonetic Japanese script: katakana, a mnemonic device using parts of Chinese ideograms ; and hiragana, a cursive syllabary with a distinct writing method that was uniquely Japanese.

Settling the detailed financing arrangements for the British and Chinese sections proved to be complicated, because the funding of the British Section ( as it became known ) depended on the raising of the loan for the Chinese Section.

The principles were drafted formally during an 1892 conference in Shanghai of Christian missions reflecting an almost unilateral agreement that the future of the Chinese church depended on the indigenization of the leadership, and the finding of sufficiently Chinese modes of worship.

A Chinese patrol on the north bank of the river moved around the Belgians on Hill 194 and continued to advance east towards the two bridges on which the Belgians depended.

But without a base, Hoffmann depended on the British at Hong Kong, the Chinese at Shanghai and the Japanese at Nagasaki for technical and logistical support of his ships.

The early Chinese state depended upon literate, educated officials for operation of the empire.

And, after becoming the right-hand man of Enver Pasha, he is sent by the latter to pave the way for a new Turkish Empire embracing `` the union of all Turks throughout Central Asia from Adrianople to the Chinese oases on the Silk Trade Route ''.

The estimates vary widely on the strength of the Chinese army.

The Free Chinese know that the situation on the Mainland is in flux, and are poised to strike.

The Chinese, North Vietnamese and North Koreans, on the other hand, feel that, militarily, Russia is strong enough to support them in the `` just wars of liberation '' they would like to embark on before long: with China attacking Formosa and the North Koreans and North Vietnamese liberating the southern half of their respective countries.

The Peiping Chinese were the only major silver seller in the world markets who stopped selling the metal on Monday morning, November 27, anticipating by two days the announcement of the U.S. Treasury that the pegged offering price will be removed.

The ledger was full of most precise information: date of laying, length of incubation period, number of chick reaching the first week, second week, fifth week, weight of hen, size of rooster's wattles and so on, all scrawled out in a hand that looked more Chinese than English, the most jagged and sprawling Alex had ever seen.

As the work progresses the frame and moving parts become a sort of Chinese puzzle where several pieces must be removed before the part you are working on is accessible.

Then the Chinese hostler, who rode with Vernon on the box, would break open a hamper and produce filets of smoked bass or sturgeon, sandwiches, pickled eggs, and a rum sangaree to be heated over a spirit lamp.

Bursting from the lips of a charging cavalry trooper was the last sound heard on this earth by untold numbers of Cheyennes, Sioux and Apaches, Mexican banditos under Pancho Villa, Japanese in the South Pacific, and Chinese and North Korean Communists in Korea.

Although modern scholars have expressed surprise that `` the simple magic square of three '', a mere `` mathematical puzzle '', was able to exert a considerable influence on the minds and imaginations of the cultured Chinese for so many centuries, they could have found most of the answers right within the square itself.

The tremendous emphasis on the 5 in the Lo Shu square -- for purely mathematical reasons -- and the fact that this number so neatly symbolized the heart and center of the universe, could well explain why the Old Chinese seem to have so revered the number 5, and why they put so much stress on the concept of Centrality.

This whole tendency had an unfortunate effect on Chinese thinking.

Whereas the primary meanings of the Lo Shu diagram seemed to have been based on its inner mathematical properties -- and we shall see that even its secondary meanings rested on some mathematical bases -- the urgent desire to place everything into categories of fives led to other groupings based on other numbers, until an exaggerated emphasis on mere numerology pervaded Chinese thought.

The Chinese world view during the Han dynasty, when the Lo Shu seems to have been at the height of its popularity, was based in large part on the teachings of the Yin-Yang and Five-Elements School, which was traditionally founded by Tsou Yen.

The technique of reality confusion -- the use of paradox and riddles to shake the mind's grip on reality -- originated with fourth and third century B.C. Chinese Quietism: the koan is not basically a new device.

Instead of running on wires as in the Chinese and Japanese models, the beads of Roman model run in grooves, presumably making arithmetic calculations much slower.

Zhuyin developed out of a form of Chinese shorthand based on Chinese characters in the early 1900s and has elements of both an alphabet and a syllabary.

While Zhuyin is not used as a mainstream writing system, it is still often used in ways similar to a romanization system — that is, for aiding in pronunciation and as an input method for Chinese characters on computers and cellphones.

Observers claim that the Chinese community in Angola might include as many as 300, 000 persons at the end of 2010, but nothing near to reliable statistics are at this stage available on this point.

The Ministry of Public Security ( Chinese:, Gōng ' ān Bù ) is the principal police and security authority of the mainland of the People's Republic of China and the government agency that exercises oversight over and is ultimately responsible for day-to-day law enforcement.

During the Chinese Civil War, the nationalist government of Chiang Kai-shek withdrew from mainland China to the island of Taiwan in 1949, where the ROC currently exercises control.

Considered an introductory exposition of the principles of Falun Gong and the traditional Chinese concept of cultivation practice, along with descriptions of the exercises of Falun Gong.

Examples of such traits include physical exercises involving animal mimicry, or training methods inspired by Chinese philosophies, religions and legends.

Tao Yin is a series of breathing exercises practiced by Taoists to cultivate ch ' i, the internal energy of the body according to Traditional Chinese Medicine.

* Falun Gong, Chinese meditation exercises, part of a system of " mind and body cultivation "

Nandao is a kind of sword that is used mostly in contemporary Chinese wushu exercises and forms.

Shooting exercises of Yakub Beg's Dungan and Han Chinese ' taifurchi ( gunners )

Taoist practitioners are required to register with the state-controlled Chinese Taoist Association ( CTA ), which exercises control over religious doctrine and personnel.