Ciphertext is also known as encrypted or encoded information because it contains a form of the original plaintext that is unreadable by a human or computer without the proper cipher to decrypt it.

Ciphertext is not to be confused with codetext because the latter is a result of a Code, not a cipher.

Ciphertext stealing is the technique of altering processing of the last two blocks of plaintext, resulting in a reordered transmission of the last two blocks of ciphertext and no ciphertext expansion.

Ciphertext indistinguishability is a property of many encryption schemes.

Ciphertext stealing for ECB mode requires the plaintext to be longer than one block.

Ciphertext stealing for CBC mode doesn't necessarily require the plaintext to be longer than one block.

Ciphertext stealing in ECB mode introduces an inter-block dependency within the last two blocks, resulting in altered error propagation behavior for the last two blocks.

* US National Institute of Standards and Technology ( NIST ), " Recommendation for Block Cipher Modes of Operation: Three Variants of Ciphertext Stealing for CBC Mode ", Addendum to NIST Special Pub 800-38A, Oct. 2010.

Ciphertext expansion may be offset or increased by other processes which compress or expand the message, e. g., data compression or error correction coding.

Your suggested solution, it seems to me, is grossly oversimplified and is inconsistent with your generally realistic attitude toward, and endorsement of, sound planning.

It would challenge sharply not the cult of the motor car itself but some of its ancillary beliefs and practices -- for instance, the doctrine that the fulfillment of life consists in proceeding from hither to yon, not for any advantage to be gained by arrival but merely to avoid the cardinal sin of stasis, or, as it is generally termed, staying put.

It is generally conceded that the Formosan air force is the best by far in Asia, and the army the best trained.

The total adverse impact of disease, insects, fire, weather, destructive animals, and other forces on the uses and values of forest resources is not generally recognized.

Any alteration of one of these factors is distortion, although we generally use that word only for effects so pronounced that they can be stated quantitatively on the basis of standard tests.

Now, the machine has been improved to a point where it is generally more economical than oil heat at temperatures down to 15 degrees.

It is generally an inaccurate method of rating, for the horsepower is that of the compressor motor, and many other components beside it determine how much cooling you'll get.

Above this point there is no generally used parallel ladder.

Advances in equipment and fabrication techniques give the sign or display manufacturer an extremely wide choice of production techniques, ranging from injection molding for intricate, smaller-size, mass-production signs ( generally 5000 units is the minimum ) to vacuum and pressure forming for larger signs of limited runs.

Brown ( 1959 ) has reviewed generally the various methods of assaying TSH, and the reader is referred to her paper for further information on the subject.

The great majority of present-day linguists fall into one or more of a number of overlapping types: those who are convinced that tone cannot be analysed, those who are personally scared of tone and tone languages generally, those who are convinced that tone is merely an unnecessary marginal feature in those languages where it occurs, those who have no idea how to proceed with tone analysis, those who take a simplistic view of the whole matter.

My answer is in the negative because I believe that total capital demands during the Sixties will continue to press against available supplies, and interest rates will generally tend to be firm at high levels.

In general, it appears that trustees and board members attempt to represent the public interest in their administration of educational policy, and this is made easier by the fact that the dominant values of the society are middle-class values, which are generally thought to be valid for the entire society.

In his analysis, however, he touches upon but fails to explore an idea, generally neglected in discussions of the book, which I believe is central to its art -- the importance of human hands as a recurring feature of the narrative.

The respectability which money confers implies a different etiquette, and, upon taking up the life of a London gentleman, Pip must learn from Herbert Pocket that `` the spoon is not generally used over-hand, but under ''.

Because of undesirable flavors, odors, colors, and generally low palatability associated with radiation treatment of this magnitude, the inactivation of enzymes is best accomplished prior to irradiation by the conventional heat-processing methods of blanching.

The polyester urethane foam is generally produced with adipic acid polyesters ; ;

An electrostatic system suffers generally from image plane curvature leading to defocusing in the peripheral image region if a flat viewing screen ( or interstage coupler ) is utilized, while a magnetic system requires accurate adjustment of the solenoid, which is heavy and bulky.

The packing efficiency, F.R., of fiber plates did not receive much attention in the literature, probably as it is high for the larger fibers generally used, until rather recently.

Intermarriage, which is generally regarded as a threat to Jewish survival, was regarded not with horror or apprehension but with a kind of mild, clinical disapproval.

Beer, generally fermented from barley, is an old alcoholic beverage.

The easiest way to describe this release is to say that it reproduces an interesting and effective Steinberg performance with minimal alteration of its musical values.

The easiest way to do this is with a conversion chart.

Tire size can be determined in several ways but the one that is the easiest and as accurate as any is by measuring the effective radius of a wheel and tire assembly.

But there's no denying that the easiest and most economical way to get year-'round whole-house air conditioning is when you build.

Perhaps the easiest way to envisage an acre is as a rectangle measuring 88 yards by 55 yards ( of 880 yards by of 880 yards ), about the size of a standard American football field.

This is easiest to describe in terms of lines of latitude and longitude-the spines lie on the intersections between five of the former, symmetric about an equator, and eight of the latter, spaced uniformly.

The easiest way to conceptualize this is to consider the lever arm distance to be the distance from the origin to the line that p travels along.

The isotope which is the easiest to synthesize is berkelium-249.

It is also technically the easiest to steal, as it is farthest from home plate and thus a longer throw from the catcher is required to prevent it.

Consonants and vowels correspond to distinct parts of a syllable: The most sonorous part of the syllable ( that is, the part that's easiest to sing ), called the syllabic peak or nucleus, is typically a vowel, while the less sonorous margins ( called the onset and coda ) are typically consonants.

In practice, the condition ( 5 ) is easiest to verify, for example a closed interval or closed n-ball.

The easiest way to identify these " Inter-city " services is that they tend to operate as express services-only linking the main stations in the cities they link, not stopping at any other stations.

This interpretation is the easiest to generalize to other settings ( see below ).

Some divers may find pike easier in a flip than tuck, and most find straight the easiest in a front / back dive, although it is still rated the most difficult because of the risk of overrotation.

It is divided into categories that are on a continuum from easiest to more complex.

The easiest way to see this is to consider that these people were the examples sent for humanity to follow, and so if they committed errors, people would be obliged to follow their errors, thereby making the prophets and messengers untrustable.

His classic definition of feudalism is the most widely known today and also the easiest to understand, simply put, when a lord granted a fief to a vassal, the vassal provided military service in return.

Measurement of the weight is the easiest, and bullets that are out of round can be detected by rotating the bullet while measuring with a micrometer.

These terms are easiest to understand when a hierarchy is diagrammed ( see below ).

This is the easiest method in terms of labor, but the least useful in terms of prediction of a likely birth date.