In all craniates except for hagfish, the dorsal hollow nerve cord is surrounded with cartilaginous or bony vertebrae and the notochord is generally reduced ; hence, hagfish are not universally regarded as vertebrates, though recent DNA comparisons suggest that they are in fact vertebrates.

( Some exceptions exist ; for example, deoxyribose, a component of DNA, has the empirical formula C < sub > 5 </ sub > H < sub > 10 </ sub > O < sub > 4 </ sub >.

For example, deoxyribose, a component of DNA, is a modified version of ribose ; chitin is composed of repeating units of N-acetyl glucosamine, a nitrogen-containing form of glucose.

The chloroplast has its own DNA, which codes for redox proteins involved in electron transport in photosynthesis ; this is termed the plastome.

The major structures in DNA compaction ; DNA, the nucleosome, the 10nm " beads-on-a-string " fibre, the 30nm fibre and the metaphase chromosome.

# DNA wraps around histone proteins forming nucleosomes ; the " beads on a string " structure ( euchromatin ).

DNA from five demographically different individuals was used by Celera to generate the sequence of the human genome ; one of the individuals was Venter himself.

Founded in 1917 as the ( DNA, " German Standardisation Committee ") in 1926 to reflect that the organization now dealt with standardization issues in many fields ; viz., not just for industrial products.

Police initially suspected the boys had been raped ; however, later expert testimony disputed this finding despite trace amounts of sperm DNA found on a pair of pants recovered from the scene.

DNA replication is a biological process that occurs in all living organisms and copies their DNA ; it is the basis for biological inheritance.

However, a DNA polymerase can only extend an existing DNA strand paired with a template strand ; it cannot begin the synthesis of a new strand.

Even so, some DNA polymerases also have proofreading ability ; they can remove nucleotides from the end of a strand in order to correct mismatched bases.

To be more specific, the leading strand receives one RNA primer per active origin of replication while the lagging strand receives several ; these several fragments of RNA primers found on the lagging strand of DNA are called Okazaki fragments, named after their discoverer.

Molecular evidence suggests that between 8 and 4 million years ago, first the gorillas, and then the chimpanzees ( genus Pan ) split off from the line leading to the humans ; human DNA is approximately 98. 4 % identical to that of chimpanzees when comparing single nucleotide polymorphisms ( see human evolutionary genetics ).

Current research has established that humans are genetically highly homogenous ; that is, the DNA of individuals is more alike than usual for most species, which may have resulted from their relatively recent evolution or the possibility of a population bottleneck resulting from cataclysmic natural events such as the Toba catastrophe.

* 1953 – James D. Watson and Francis Crick announce to friends that they have determined the chemical structure of DNA ; the formal announcement takes place on April 25 following publication in April's Nature ( pub.

Crick was witness to the kinds of errors that his co-workers made in their failed attempts to make a correct molecular model of the α helix ; these turned out to be important lessons that could be applied, in the future, to the helical structure of DNA.

It was possible to predict the number of bases stacked within a single turn of the DNA helix ( 10 per turn ; a full turn of the helix is 27 angströms in the compact A form, 34 angströms in the wetter B form ).

" The news reached readers of The New York Times the next day ; Victor K. McElheny, in researching his biography, " Watson and DNA: Making a Scientific Revolution ", found a clipping of a six-paragraph New York Times article written from London and dated 16 May 1953 with the headline " Form of ` Life Unit ' in Cell Is Scanned.

Sydney Brenner, Jack Dunitz, Dorothy Hodgkin, Leslie Orgel, and Beryl M. Oughton, were some of the first people in April 1953 to see the model of the structure of DNA, constructed by Crick and Watson ; at the time they were working at Oxford University's Chemistry Department.

* Automated sequencing of DNA by the chain termination method ; each of four different chain terminating bases has its own specific fluorescent tag.

Three DNA types are of particular interest: mitochondrial DNA that we all possess and that is passed down with only minor mutations through the matrilineal ( direct female ) line ; the Y-chromosome, present only in males, which is passed down with only minor mutations through the patrilineal ( direct male ) line ; and the Autosomal DNA, which is found in the 22 non-gender specific chromosomes ( autosomes ) inherited from both parents, which can uncover relatives from any branch of the family.

On the left side, is a function mapping any point in space to a complex number ; on the right side, is a ket.

The mechanism of transformation is structural mapping, in which properties of two or more source domains are selectively mapped onto a blended space ( Fauconnier & Turner, 1995 ; see conceptual blending ).

* Full texture mapping of all surfaces – in Wolfenstein 3D, floors and ceilings are flat colors ;

Surface exploration can include geologic mapping, geophysical methods, and photogrammetry ; or it can be as simple as an engineer walking around to observe the physical conditions at the site.

The despun section's instruments included the camera system ; the near infrared mapping spectrometer to make multi-spectral images for atmospheric and moon surface chemical analysis ; the ultraviolet spectrometer to study gases ; and the photo-polarimeter radiometer to measure radiant and reflected energy.

Displaying any other resolution either requires a video scaler, causing blurriness and jagged edges ; or running the display at native resolution using 1: 1 pixel mapping, causing the image either not to fill the screen ( letterboxed display ), or to run off the lower right edge of the screen.

In order for a compression algorithm to be considered lossless, there needs to exist a reverse mapping from compressed bit sequences to original bit sequences ; that is to say, the compression method would need to encapsulate a bijection between " plain " and " compressed " bit sequences.

It was discovered while scientists from the Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology were completing a survey around Guam ; they used a sonar mapping system towed behind the research ship to conduct the survey.

Although most commonly used to depict geography, maps may represent any space, real or imagined, without regard to context or scale ; e. g. brain mapping, DNA mapping, and extraterrestrial mapping.

In other words, we wish to infer the mapping implied by the data ; the cost function is related to the mismatch between our mapping and the data and it implicitly contains prior knowledge about the problem domain.

A geometric polygon is understood to be a " realization " of the associated abstract polygon ; this involves some " mapping " of elements from the abstract to the geometric.

This is essentially the same distribution that a path-tracing program would sample in tracing back one diffuse reflection step ; or that a bidirectional ray tracing program would sample to achieve one forward diffuse reflection step when light source mapping forwards.

Photon mapping is another method that uses both light-based and eye-based ray tracing ; in an initial pass, energetic photons are traced along rays from the light source so as to compute an estimate of radiant flux as a function of 3-dimensional space ( the eponymous photon map itself ).

They used a single flat address space that all processes share ; memory mapping hardware, if present, is mostly used to ensure that processes access only that memory they have the right to access.

In the classical sense, Expressive aphasia is the result of injury to Broca's area ; it is often the case that lesions in specific brain areas cause specific, dissociable symptoms, although case studies show there is not always a one-to-one mapping between lesion location and aphasic symptoms.

A good example is a local area network ( LAN ): Any given node in the LAN has one or more physical links to other devices in the network ; graphically mapping these links results in a geometric shape that can be used to describe the physical topology of the network.

The C ++ mapping is notoriously difficult ; the mapping requires the programmer to learn complex and confusing datatypes that predate the C ++ Standard Template Library ( STL ).

In mathematics, the Banach fixed-point theorem ( also known as the contraction mapping theorem or contraction mapping principle ) is an important tool in the theory of metric spaces ; it guarantees the existence and uniqueness of fixed points of certain self-maps of metric spaces, and provides a constructive method to find those fixed points.

When I question them as to what they mean by concepts like liberty and democracy, I find that they fall into two categories: the simpler ones who have simply accepted the shibboleths of their faith without analysis ; ;

When he was asked a question or addressed in such a way that some response was inescapable, he would answer ; ;

When carving he was charged with spontaneous energy ; ;

When in one letter Jessica informed me that her father did not like the idea of her going out alone on New Year's Eve, I knew for a moment an immense relief ; ;

When towns have the same fiscal year it is relatively easy to make meaningful comparisons ; ;

When the budget goes to trustees for approval it is the president's budget, to which his faith and credit are committed ; ;

When the child raises his seat into the air, the teacher takes hold under both sides of the pelvis ; ;

) When the complete file has been read, the grammatical descriptions for all text forms found in the dictionary have been stored in the W-region ; ;

When we come upon the rabbit and make our remark about its suffering being a bad thing, we presumably make it with some feeling ; ;

( 1 ) When an object was placed in the patient's hand, he had no difficulty determining whether it was warm or cold, sharp or blunt, rough or smooth, flexible, soft, or hard ; ;

When the index words or electronic switches are reserved because of actual usage in the statements described above, the position or order of the statements within the program is not important ; ;

When the temperature reached 32-degrees-F all protozoan activity ceased ; ;

When the policy has been chosen, the state of the product can be obtained from the state of the feed by repeated application of the transformation ( 1 ) ; ;