* Pelagic Ecosystems Department, which studies the ecology of plankton with regard to sea ice and sea shelf systems.

Ecosystems are complex adaptive systems where the interaction of life processes form self-organizing patterns across different scales of time and space.

Ecosystems are no different than other bodies economically except insofar as they are far less replaceable than typical labour or commodities.

Ecosystems in similar environments that are located in different parts of the world can end up doing things very differently simply because they have different pools of species present.

Ecosystems in similar environments that are located in different parts of the world can end up doing things very differently simply because they have different pools of species present.

Aerosols can be found in urban Ecosystems in various forms, for example:

Ecosystems are composed of dynamically interacting parts including organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living components of their environment.

Ecosystems maintain biophysical feedback mechanisms that modulate metabolic rates and evolutionary dynamics between living ( biotic ) and nonliving ( abiotic ) components of the planet.

Ecosystems sustain life-supporting functions and produce natural capital through the regulation of continental climates, global biogeochemical cycles, water filtration, soils, food, fibres, medicines, erosion control, and many other natural features of scientific, historical, economic, or intrinsic value.

Ecosystems regenerate after a disturbance such as fire, forming Mosaic ( ecology ) | mosaics of different age groups structured across a Landscape ecology | landscape.

Ecosystems, for example, contain populations of individuals that aggregate into distinct ecological communities.

Ecosystems are habitats within biomes that form an integrated whole and a dynamically responsive system having both physical and biological complexes.

Ecosystems are broadly categorized as terrestrial, freshwater, atmospheric, or marine.

Ecosystems are controlled both by external and internal factors.

Ecosystems are dynamic entities — invariably, they are subject to periodic disturbances and are in the process of recovering from some past disturbance.

Ecosystems provide a variety of goods and services upon which people depend ; the principles of ecosystem management suggest that rather than managing individual species, natural resources should be managed at the level of the ecosystem itself.

Ecosystems are controlled both by external and internal factors.

Ecosystems are dynamic entities — invariably, they are subject to periodic disturbances and are in the process of recovering from some past disturbance.

Ecosystems continually exchange energy and carbon with the wider environment ; mineral nutrients, on the other hand, are mostly cycled back and forth between plants, animals, microbes and the soil.

Ecosystems provide a variety of goods and services upon which people depend.

Agile Software Development Ecosystems, Addison – Wesley.

Ecosystems are composed of a variety of abiotic and biotic components that function in an interrelated way.

Monitoring Ecosystems: Interdisciplinary approaches for evaluating ecoregional initiatives.

A. Estes, M. T. Tinker, T. M. Williams, D. F. Doak " Killer Whale Predation on Sea Otters Linking Oceanic and Nearshore Ecosystems ", Science, October 16, 1998: Vol.

For a brief period each year, the rays of the sun are warm enough to melt some of the snows piled a mile deep at the base of the headwalls, and then the pinnacles glisten in the daytime at high noon, and billions of gallons of water begin their slow seepage under the glaciers and across the rockstrewn hanging valleys on their long, meandering journey to the sea -- running east past the sky-carving massifs of Gurla Mandhata and Kemchenjunga, then turning south and curling down through the jungles of Assam, past the Khasi Hills, and into Bengal, past Sirinjani and Madaripur, until the hard water of the melting snows mingles with the soft drainage of fields and at length fans out to meld with the teeming salt depths of the Bay of Bengal.

She looked out at the corn field, the great green deep acres of it rolled out like the sea in the field beyond the whitewashed fence bordering the grounds.

Another popular activity is deep sea fishing.

Upwelling of deep water under the sea ice brings substantial amounts of nutrients.

These channels are the main transport pathway for sediments to the deep sea where they form sedimentary deposits.

Specifically as flow moves around a bend it spirals in the opposite direction in the deep sea compared to the spiral to that found in river channels on land.

Some common examples are the high electrical conductivity of pure copper, the excellent deep drawing qualities of cartridge case brass, the low-friction properties of bearing bronze, the resonant qualities of bell bronze, and the resistance to corrosion by sea water of several bronze alloys.

Blue is the colour of the clear sky and the deep sea.

In 2005, Clipperton's ecosystem was extensively studied for four months by a scientific mission organized by Jean-Louis Étienne, which made a complete inventory of mineral, plant, and animal species found on the atoll, studied algae as deep as 100 m ( 330 ft ) below sea level, and examined the effects of pollution on the island.

Stagnation of deep sea currents in middle Cretaceous times caused anoxic conditions in the sea water.

A downside, however, would be an increase in aerobic bacteria growth due to the introduction of biomass, leading to more competition for oxygen resources in the deep sea, similar to the oxygen minimum zone.

This appeared to be confirmed by the exploration of the deep sea beds conducted by the Challenger expedition, 1872-6, which showed that contrary to expectation, land debris brought down by rivers to the ocean is deposited comparatively close to the shore in what is now known as the continental shelf.

The country's central spine, a northwest-southeast axis of steep volcanic slopes and deep gorges, generally varies in elevation from above sea level.

Upon their arrival, Odin threw Jörmungandr into " that deep sea that lies round all lands ", and then threw Hel into Niflheim, and bestowed upon her authority over nine worlds.

Upon their arrival, Odin threw Jörmungandr into " that deep sea that lies round all lands ," Odin threw Hel into Niflheim, and bestowed upon her authority over nine worlds, in that she must " administer board and lodging to those sent to her, and that is those who die of sickness or old age.

In 2011 evidence was uncovered in neighbouring East Timor, showing that 42, 000 years ago these early settlers had high-level maritime skills, and by implication the technology needed to make ocean crossings to reach Australia and other islands, as they were catching and consuming large numbers of big deep sea fish such as tuna.

Reporting on these developments in his annual report to the Authority in April 2008, Secretary-General Nandan referred also to the upward trend in demand and prices for cobalt, copper, nickel and manganese, the main metals that would be derived from seabed mining, and he noted that technologies being developed for offshore extraction could be adapted for deep sea mining.

With the rapid Arctic sea ice decline in the Hudson Strait, their range now extends deep into the northwest Atlantic.

When over deep the lake is no more salty than the sea, but salinity increases as the water evaporates, with saturation occurring at about a depth.

In July 2011 a research expedition deployed untethered landers, called dropcams, equipped with digital video and lights to explore this region of the deep sea.

In fact, by the middle Cretaceous, equatorial ocean waters ( perhaps as warm as 20 ° C in the deep ocean ) may have been too warm for sea life, and land areas near the equator may have been deserts despite their proximity to water.

* Mediterranean sea ( oceanography ), an oceanographic term to designate a mostly enclosed sea that has limited exchange of deep water with outer oceans

In general, the deep sea is considered to start at the aphotic zone, the point where sunlight loses its power of transference through the water.