To him, law is the command of the sovereign ( the English monarch ) who personifies the power of the nation, while sovereignty is the power to make law -- i.e., to prevail over internal groups and to be free from the commands of other sovereigns in other nations.

An appellate court, commonly called an appeals court or court of appeals ( American English ) or appeal court ( British English ), is any court of law that is empowered to hear an appeal of a trial court or other lower tribunal.

In 1805, English instructor and natural philosopher John Dalton used the concept of atoms to explain why elements always react in ratios of small whole numbers ( the law of multiple proportions ) and why certain gases dissolved better in water than others.

Jurisprudence is based on English common law.

In English law, s58 Children Act 2004, limits the availability of the lawful correction defense to common assault under s39 Criminal Justice Act 1988.

Some jurisdictions allow force to be used in defense of property, to prevent damage either in its own right, or under one or both of the preceding classes of defense in that a threat or attempt to damage property might be considered a crime ( in English law, under s5 Criminal Damage Act 1971 it may be argued that the defendant has a lawful excuse to damaging property during the defense and a defense under s3 Criminal Law Act 1967 ) subject to the need to deter vigilantes and excessive self-help.

English law provides for two offences of assault: common assault and battery.

About a fifth of the law code is taken up by Alfred's introduction, which includes translations into English of the Decalogue, a few chapters from the Book of Exodus, and the " Apostolic Letter " from Acts of the Apostles ( 15: 23 – 29 ).

Theodism is focused on the lore, beliefs and social structure-particularly the concept of thew ( Old English þeaw ) or " customary law "-of various specific Germanic tribes.

Administrative law, as laid down by the Supreme Court of India, has also recognized two more grounds of judicial review which were recognized but not applied by English Courts viz.

The powers to review administrative decisions are usually established by statute, but were originally developed from the royal prerogative writs of English law, such as the writ of mandamus and the writ of certiorari.

In many legal jurisdictions related to English common law, affray is a public order offence consisting of the fighting of two or more persons in a public place to the terror ( in ) of ordinary people ( the lieges ).

In the United States the English common law as to affray applies, subject to certain modifications by the statutes of particular states.

Abjuration of the realm was a type of abjuration in ancient English law.

In English law, black letter law is a term used to describe those areas of law characterized by technical rules, rather than those areas of law characterized by having a more conceptual basis.

Barbadian law is rooted historically on English common law, and the Constitution of Barbados implemented in 1966, is supreme law of the land.

The Statute of Bankrupts of 1542 was the first statute under English law dealing with bankruptcy or insolvency.

Under English law, successive versions of Table A have reinforced the norm that, unless the directors are acting contrary to the law or the provisions of the Articles, the powers of conducting the management and affairs of the company are vested in them.

The Gap looming before him -- the place where had confronted Jack English on that day so many years ago -- was his exit from all that had meaning to him.

Not by the 11:00 sun which had spread a warmth around his spot of grass in the English Gardens and sent him off to sleep ; ;

She had arrived this morning and come straight to the English Gardens.

`` Dear girl '', Walter had finally said, `` he writes me that he is sleeping in the English Gardens ''.

`` No thank you very much '', Schaffner had answered in his accented English.

But both were high-spirited and vivacious, both had tempers to control, both loved languages, especially English and German, both were good teachers and wrote for publication.

Victor Berger, the panjandrum of Wisconsin Socialism and member of Congress, had asked Paula Steichen to translate some of his German editorials into English.

Next day a ship arrived with an English pilot, his leadsman, an English youth, and the first Hindu the Judsons and Newells had ever seen.

Already Trevelyan had begun to parallel his nineteenth-century Italian studies with several works on English figures of the same period.

In the spring of his second year at Harvard, Tom had been offered a job at Northwestern University as an instructor in the English Department.

If his circumspection in regard to Philip's sensibilities went so far that he even refused to grant a dispensation for the marriage of Amadee's daughter, Agnes, to the son of the dauphin of Vienne -- a truly peacemaking move according to thirteenth-century ideas, for Savoy and Dauphine were as usual fighting on opposite sides -- for fear that he might seem to be favoring the anti-French coalition, he would certainly never take the far more drastic step of ordering the return of Gascony to Edward, even though, as he admitted to the English ambassadors, he had been advised that the original cession was invalid.

Bad relations between England and Flanders brought hard times to the shepherds scattered over the dales and downs as well as to the crowded Flemish cities, and while the English, so far, had done no more than grumble, Othon had seen what the discontent might lead to, for before he left the Low Countries the citizens of Ghent had risen in protest against the expense of supporting Edward and his troops, and the regular soldiers had found it unexpectedly difficult to put down the nasty little riot that ensued.

The value of place-names in the reconstruction of early English history had long been recognized.

But beginning, for all practical purposes, with Frederick Seebohm's English Village Community scholars have had to reckon with a theory involving institutional and agrarian continuity between Roman and Anglo-Saxon times which is completely at odds with the reigning concept of the Anglo-Saxon invasions.

His English friends, it said, had gone into training to keep up with him vocally and with his `` allegro movements around the luncheon table ''.

The entire exercise, Latin and English, is most suggestive of the kind of person Milton had become at Christ's during his undergraduate career ; ;

The English lady said she had to go to Vienna for a while.

The English schools preceded ours, and by the time we got into it they had learned a lot about the techniques of propaganda and its teaching.

When he had given the call a few moments thought, he went into the kitchen to ask Mrs. Yamata to prepare tea and sushi for the visitors, using the formal English china and the silver tea service which had been donated to the mission, then he went outside to inspect the grounds.

The 1000-page autobiographical manuscript Récoltes et semailles ( 1986 ) is now available on the internet in the French original, and an English translation is underway ( these parts of Récoltes et semailles have already been translated into Russian and published in Moscow ).

Because the film specifically targeted Western audiences rather than the domestic audiences who were already used to Wuxia films, English subtitles were needed.

On 16 May 1691, Kidd married Sarah Bradley Cox Oort, an English woman in her early twenties, who had already been twice widowed and was one of the wealthiest women in New York, largely due to her inheritance from her first husband.

These elements can be shown to have already been part of French and English hunting terminology by the beginning of the 14th century.

The 21st century has already seen three new translations of the novel into English.

English deism, however, was already in decline before Hume's works on religion ( 1757, 1779 ) were published.

William had already acquired the reputation of being the main champion in Europe of the Protestant cause against Catholicism and French absolutism ; in the developing English crisis he saw an opportunity to prevent an Anglo-French alliance and bring England to the anti-French side, by carrying out a military intervention directed against James.

The magazine is already printed in thirteen languages and an English edition for the United Kingdom was launched in February 2007.

The English clockmaker Henry Sully had already invented a marine clock to determine longitude accurately, a sophisticated pendulum clock.

King Philip was already deeply in debt to the Templars from his war with the English and decided to seize upon the rumors for his own purposes.

The first occurrence in English of " ontology " as recorded by the OED ( Oxford English Dictionary, second edition, 1989 ) appears in Nathaniel Bailey's dictionary of 1721, which defines ontology as ' an Account of being in the Abstract ' - though, of course, such an entry indicates the term was already in use at the time.

His work was intended as recreational mathematics, but he suggested a purely octal system of weights and measures and observed that the existing system of English units was already, to a remarkable extent, an octal system.

The Society eventually shifted their idea from only words that were not already in English dictionaries to a more comprehensive project.

Meanwhile, Hercules Florence had already created a very similar process in 1832 in Brazil, naming it Photographie, and English inventor William Fox Talbot had earlier discovered another means to fix a silver process image but had kept it secret.

Forms of schooling ranged from dame schools to “ Latin ” schools for boys already literate in English and ready to master preparatory grammar for Latin, Hebrew, and Greek.

Mencken — generally considered to be a leading authority on the common English usage in the United States — was not aware that it already existed.

The roulette wheel is believed to be a fusion of the English wheel games Roly-Poly, Reiner, Ace of Hearts, and E. O., the Italian board games of Hoca and Biribi, and " Roulette " from an already existing French board game of that name.

The pact is often interpreted as a sign of their deep patriotism despite both having already surrendered to the English.

Though Snatcher was already available on several platforms, the Mega-CD version was the only one released in English.

During his studies, he dedicated himself to mastering English — adding this language to the Persian, Turkish, Arabic and French, languages in which he was already fluent-so that he could translate the letters of ` Abdu ' l-Bahá and serve as his secretary.

A derivative, Daoshi (, " Daoist priest "), was used already by the Jesuits Matteo Ricci and Nicolas Trigault in their De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas, rendered as Tausu in the original Latin edition ( 1615 ), and Tausa in an early English translation published by Samuel Purchas ( 1625 ).

Mark Thompson wrote that, apart from determining the succession, the English Bill of Rights did " little more than set forth certain points of existing laws and simply secured to Englishmen the rights of which they were already posessed.

Traité de legislation civile et pénale was published in 1802 and then later retranslated back into English by Hildreth as The Theory of Legislation, although by this time significant portions of Dumont ’ s work had already been retranslated and incorporated into Sir John Bowring's edition of Bentham's works, which was issued in parts between 1838 and 1843.