Existentialism is a term applied to the work of a number of 19th-and 20th-century philosophers who, despite profound doctrinal differences, generally held that the focus of philosophical thought should be to deal with the conditions of existence of the individual person and his or her emotions, actions, responsibilities, and thoughts.

Herbert Marcuse criticized Being and Nothingness for projecting anxiety and meaninglessness onto the nature of existence itself: " Insofar as Existentialism is a philosophical doctrine, it remains an idealistic doctrine: it hypostatizes specific historical conditions of human existence into ontological and metaphysical characteristics.

His best-selling book, Man's Search for Meaning ( published under a different title in 1959: From Death-Camp to Existentialism, and originally published in 1946 as Trotzdem Ja Zum Leben Sagen: Ein Psychologe erlebt das Konzentrationslager ), chronicles his experiences as a concentration camp inmate which led him to discover the importance of finding meaning in all forms of existence, even the most sordid ones, and thus a reason to continue living.

Existentialism was coined by Jean-Paul Sartre's statement that for human beings " existence precedes essence.

Existentialism is generally considered to be the philosophical and cultural movement which holds that the starting point of philosophical thinking must be the individual and the experiences of the individual, that moral thinking and scientific thinking together do not suffice to understand human existence, and, therefore, that a further set of categories, governed by the norm of authenticity, is necessary to understand human existence.

Existentialism is a philosophical and cultural movement which holds that the starting point of philosophical thinking must be the individual and the experiences of the individual, that moral thinking and scientific thinking together do not suffice to understand human existence, and, therefore, that a further set of categories, governed by the norm of authenticity, is necessary to understand human existence.

For here if anywhere in contemporary literature is a major effort to counterbalance Existentialism and restore some of its former lustre to the tarnished image of the species Man, or, as Malraux himself puts it, `` to make men conscious of the grandeur they ignore in themselves ''.

Sartre, popularly understood as misreading Heidegger ( an understanding supported by Heidegger's essay " Letter on Humanism " which responds to Sartre's famous address, " Existentialism is a Humanism "), employs modes of being in an attempt to ground his concept of freedom ontologically by distinguishing between being-in-itself and being-for-itself.

Existentialism is the philosophical and cultural movement which holds that the starting point of philosophical thinking must be the experiences of the individual.

Existentialism began in the mid-19th century as a reaction against the then-dominant systematic philosophies, such as those developed by Hegel and Kant.

Existentialism became popular in the years following World War II and influenced a range of disciplines besides philosophy, including theology, drama, art, literature and psychology.

Existentialism as a term, therefore, has been applied to many philosophers in hindsight.

As Sartre writes in his work Existentialism is a Humanism: "... man first of all exists, encounters himself, surges up in the world – and defines himself afterwards.

* Contemporary Philosophy: Studies of Logical Positivism and Existentialism.

Existentialism became fashionable in the post-World War years as a way to reassert the importance of human individuality and freedom.

Sartre's introduction to his philosophy is his work Existentialism is a Humanism ( 1946 ), originally presented as a lecture.

* Thomas Flynn, Sartre and Marxist Existentialism: The Test Case of Collective Responsibility, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984.

Structuralism was a broad philosophical movement that developed particularly in France in the 1950s, partly in response to French Existentialism, but is considered by many to be an exponent of High-Modernism, though its categorization as either a Modernist or Postmodernist trend is contested.

" Letter on ' Humanism '" is often seen as a direct response to Sartre's 1945 lecture " Existentialism is a Humanism.

As with much else in Existentialism, this is a psychological observation made to pass for logic.

* Jean-Paul Sartre, " Existentialism is a Humanism " in Existentialism From Dostoevsky to Sartre, ed.

Unlike Existentialism, which posits " being " as the fundamental reality, the essentialist ontology must be approached from a metaphysical perspective.

:" Existentialism, like Marxism, addresses itself to experience in order to discover there concrete syntheses.

* A Companion to Phenomenology and Existentialism.

Richard Zaner and Don Ihde, " Phenomenology and Existentialism " ( New York: Putnam 1973 )-Contains many key essays in existential phenomenology.

The Theatre of the Absurd is commonly associated with Existentialism, and Existentialism was an influential philosophy in Paris during the rise of the Theatre of the Absurd ; however, to call it Existentialist theatre is problematic for many reasons.

In a long commentary which he has inserted in the published text of the first act of the play, he says at one point: `` However, that experience never raised a doubt in his mind as to the reality of the underworld or the existence of Lucifer's many-faced lieutenants.

In his preface to Jürgen Osterhammel's Colonialism: A Theoretical Overview, Roger Tignor says, " For Osterhammel, the essence of colonialism is the existence of colonies, which are by definition governed differently from other territories such as protectorates or informal spheres of influence.

In Muv Luv, the BETA which calls itself the " higher / superior existence " says they were created by a silicon-based being simply called " The Creator ".

When the human main character, Takeru, argues that humans also have the ability to reproduce and disperse, the higher existence says carbon too easily mingles with other elements and therefore it would be impossible for a carbon-based existence to have evolved on its own.

Second, he does not say that his existence is necessary ; he says that if he thinks, then necessarily he exists ( see the instantiation principle ).

Stoic philosophy says to accept things that cannot be changed, resigning oneself to existence and enduring in a rational fashion.

In other words, Nyaya says that the polytheist would have to give elaborate proofs for the existence and origin of his several celestial spirits, none of which would be logical, and that it is more logical to assume one eternal, omniscient god.

Since Herodotus says elsewhere that Phrygians anciently lived in Europe where they were known as Bryges, the existence of the garden implies that Herodotus believed Midas lived prior to a Phrygian migration to Anatolia.

Though Gimlin says he doubted the existence of Sasquatch-like creatures, he agreed to Patterson's suggestion that they should not attempt to shoot any such creatures they might see.

CFD says that if a phenomenon ( the return of an airborne ball to the Earth ) has been reproducibly measured in the past, one can safely assume its presence in the future without having to refer to additional measurement events for proof of its existence.

Hubbard uses the existence of body thetans to explain many of the physical and mental ailments of humanity which, he says, prevent people from achieving their highest spiritual levels.

" The atheist's " plain assertion of the world's existence " is a " grossly impoverished view of reality ," he says, arguing that " theism explains more than a reductionist atheism can ever address.

:: John Archibald Wheeler's participatory anthropic principle says that consciousness plays some role in bringing the universe into existence.

In other words, Udayana says that the polytheist would have to give elaborate proofs for the existence and origin of his several celestial spirits, none of which would be logical.

Richard Trachsler says that “ the concept of courtly literature is linked to the idea of the existence of courtly texts, texts produced and read by men and women sharing some kind of elaborate culture they all have in common .” He argues that many of the texts that scholars claim to be courtly also include “ uncourtly ” texts, and argues that there is no clear way to determine “ where courtliness ends and uncourtliness starts ” since readers would enjoy texts which were supposed to be entirely courtly without realizing they were also enjoying texts which were uncourtly.

In his essay entitled Antitrust, he says: " No one will ever know what new products, processes, machines, and cost-saving mergers failed to come into existence, killed by the Sherman Act before they were born.

The same can be said of Simmel when he says that, " the vitality of real individuals, in their sensitivities and attractions, in the fullness of their impulses and convictions ... is but a symbol of life, as it shows itself in the flow of a lightly amusing play ," or when he adds: " a symbolic play, in whose aesthetic charm all the finest and most highly sublimated dynamics of social existence and its riches are gathered.

William Vandervoorte settled here in 1825, occupying a log house which tradition says was the only one then in existence.

He shows her Magellan Castle orbiting around Venus and says that it is hers, although the existence of these castles is not revealed to the other Senshi characters until late in the Sailor Moon series.

Psychologist Ray Hyman says that, even if the results were reproduced under specified conditions, they would still not be a conclusive demonstration of the existence of psychic functioning.

Searle says that in Dennett's view, there is no consciousness in addition to the computational features, because that is all that consciousness amounts to for him: mere effects of a von Neumann ( esque ) virtual machine implemented in a parallel architecture and therefore implies that conscious states are illusory, but Searle points out: " where consciousness is concerned, the existence of the appearance is the reality.

Ogden Goelet says " without an exemplary and moral existence, there was no hope for a successful afterlife ", while Geraldine Pinch suggests that the Negative Confession is essentially similar to the spells protecting from demons, and that the success of the Weighing of the Heart depended on the mystical knowledge of the true names of the judges rather than on the deceased's moral behaviour.

Diogenes says that he left no writings, and the Eretrian school disappeared after a short and unobtrusive existence.