The town's name is attested as Aisincurt in 1175, derived from a Germanic masculine name Aizo, Aizino and the early Northern French word curt ' farm with a courtyard ' ( Late Latin cortem ).

* 1450 – Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years ' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English forces, ending English domination in Northern France.

Basque has no official standing in the Northern Basque Country of France and French citizens are barred from officially using Basque in a French court of law.

Following Napoleon Bonaparte's victories over the Austrian Empire in Northern Italy – helping to secure France victory in the War of the First Coalition in 1797 – Great Britain remained the only major European power still at war with the French Republic.

The word clock is derived ultimately ( via Dutch, Northern French, and Medieval Latin ) from the Celtic words clagan and clocca meaning " bell ".

It became Eléanor in the langues d ' oïl ( Northern French ) and Eleanor in English.

The term derives most immediately from galun, galon in Old Northern French, but the usage was common in several languages, for example jale in Old French and gęllet ( bowl ) in Old English.

Hausa is also spoken various parts of Cameroon and Chad, which combined the mixed dialects of Northern Nigeria and Niger Republic, French has made a great influence in the way Hausa is spoken by the native Hausa speakers.

The word Gammon derives from the Old Northern French word jambe for hind-leg of the pig, and may also be used to refer to bacon.

The most commonly cited explanation is a derivation from the Northern French dialect word hoguinané, or variants such as hoginane, hoginono and hoguinettes, those being derived from 16th century Old French aguillanneuf meaning either a gift given at New Year, a children's cry for such a gift, or New Year's Eve itself.

* 1800 – The French Army of First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte defeats the Austrians at the Battle of Marengo in Northern Italy and re-conquers Italy.

Nearly two-thirds are by French artists, and more than 1, 200 are Northern European.

By the Edict of Villers-Cotterets ( 1539 ) it was decreed that the langue d ' oïl ( Northern French ) should be used for all French administration.

In one such letter Morse wrote, " I assert that the Federalists in the Northern States have done more injury to their country by their violent opposition measures than a French alliance could.

Saint Pierre and Miquelon is a French overseas collectivity in the Western Hemisphere and the Northern Hemisphere.

When French emperor Napoleon I completed his conquest of Northern Italy and began to push his armies towards the edges of the northern territories of the Papal State, San Marino found itself forced to choose between maintaining the alliance with the Papal State or creating a new one with France.

The tarot has four suits ( which vary by region, being the French suits in Northern Europe, the Latin suits in Southern Europe, and the German suits in Central Europe ).

Exclusively French after 1916, Sacred Heart College was the centre of education for young Franco-Ontarians for decades since it was the first, and for a long time, the only college in Northern Ontario.

Although the French secured control of Spain and its colonies for a grandson of Louis XIV, the Austrians also ended up making significant gains in Western Europe, including the former Spanish Netherlands ( now called the Austrian Netherlands, including most of modern Belgium ), the Duchy of Milan in Northern Italy, and Naples and Sardinia in Southern Italy.

* The Trust Territory of the Cameroons under British administration ( British Cameroons ): Somewhat smaller than the French Cameroons, this territory was administered in two parts ( Northern Cameroons and Southern Cameroons ).

He dabbled in verse, could get along well among most of the European languages, and was fluent in French and German.

For a time it appeared that a common European army might be created, but the project for a European Defense Community was rejected by the French National Assembly in 1954.

This influenced European intellectuals like François Quesnay, an avid Confucianist and advocate of China's agrarian policies, forming the French agrarian philosophy of Physiocracy.

The first generation of television chefs such as Robert Carrier and Julia Child tended to concentrate on cooking based primarily on European, especially French and Italian, cuisines.

The Second French Empire, his Western European model, had been defeated in the Franco-Prussian War by the North German Confederation under the leadership of the Kingdom of Prussia.

It was not until the 19th century that other European languages began to use the word " Czechs " ( in English – Tschechen in German, Tchèques in French ) in a deliberate ( and successful ) attempt to distinguish between Bohemian Slavs and other inhabitants of Bohemia ( mostly Germans ).

A number of other European languages have cognate words that were borrowed from the Germanic languages during the Middle Ages, including brog in Irish, bwr or bwrc, meaning " wall, rampart " in Welsh, bourg in French, burg in Catalan ( in Catalonia there is a town named Burg ), borgo in Italian, and burgo in Spanish ( hence the place-name Burgos ).

The House of Bonaparte is an imperial and royal European dynasty founded by Napoleon I of France in 1804, a French military leader who rose to notability out of the French Revolution and transformed the French Republic into the First French Empire within five years of his coup d ' état.

The idea of being " born again in Christ " inspired some common European forenames: French René / Renée ( also used in the Netherlands ), Dutch Renaat / Renate, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese Renato / Renata, Latin Renatus / Renata, which all mean " reborn ", " born again ".

Accounts of the Ethiopian artillery deployed at Adwa differ ; Russian advisor Leonid Artamonov wrote that it comprised 42 Russian mountain guns supported by a team of fifteen advisers, but British historians suggest that the Ethiopian guns were Hotchiss and Maxim pieces captured from the Egyptians or purchased from French and other European suppliers.

He also stated that French President Sarkozy is like any other European elite: he has profited through the murder, rape, and pillaging of those less fortunate and he refuses to allow equal opportunity for those men and women from Africa.

The languages of Aboriginal peoples in Canada started to influence European languages used in Canada even before widespread settlement took place, and the French of Lower Canada provided vocabulary to the English of Upper Canada.

The name " celery " retraces the plant's route of successive adoption in European cooking, as the English " celery " ( 1664 ) is derived from the French céleri coming from the Lombard term, seleri, from the Latin selinon, borrowed from Greek.

The standard terms for European mail armour derive from French: leggings are called chausses, a hood is a coif and mittens, mitons.

* Communauté Européenne ( French for the European Community )

Canada's culture has historically been influenced by European culture and traditions, especially British and French.

French-speaking and practicing Catholics, who combined French and African-American culture, created an elite between the whites of European descent and the masses of slaves.

The unease and self-deception that characterized that period of colonial history would be revisited in many forms at political and social moments of crisis ( such as the Salem witch trials, which coincided with frontier warfare and economic competition among Indians and French and other European settlers ) and during lengthy periods of cultural definition ( such as the American Renaissance of the late 18th-and early 19th-century literary, visual, and architectural movements, which sought to capitalize on unique American identities ).

* European Committee for Postal Regulation ( CERP, after the French " Comité européen des régulateurs postaux ")-responsible for postal matters

The major European empires consisted of the following colonies at the start of World War I ( former colonies of the Spanish Empire became independent before 1914 and are not listed ; former colonies of other European empires that previously became independent, such as the former French colony Haiti, are not listed ):

What is interesting about these chamber works here is how they all reveal the aspect of French music that was moving toward the rococo.

His later novels included fixups such as The Beast ( aka Moonbeast ) ( 1963 ), Rogue Ship ( 1965 ), Quest for the Future ( 1970 ) and Supermind ( 1977 ); expanded short stories ( The Darkness on Diamondia ( 1972 ), Future Glitter ( aka Tyranopolis ) ( 1973 ); original novels such as Children of Tomorrow ( 1970 ), The Battle of Forever ( 1971 ) and The Anarchistic Colossus ( 1977 ); plus sequels to his classic works, many of which were promised, but only one of which appeared, Null-A Three ( 1984 ; originally published in French ).

He and Widor collaborated on a new edition of Bach's organ works, with detailed analysis of each work in three languages ( English, French, German ).

Francois Boucher was the 18th century painter and engraver whose works are regarded as the perfect expression of French taste in the Rococo period.

These works mirrored the frolicsome, artificial and ornamented decadence of the French aristocracy of the time.

* Insecula. com: French language biography and links to pages on works

In May 2007 the executor of his widow's estate, French foreign minister Roland Dumas, was convicted of illegally selling Giacometti's works to a top auctioneer.

In France he was considered as the restorer of the art, which had declined after the time of Louis XIV, and during the last twenty years of his life the French government commissiond him to undertake several works.

In other legal cases, Pissarro's " Le Quai Malaquais, Printemps ," is said to have been similarly stolen, along with the estimated 650, 000 lost works of art, including those by other French Impressionists.

The first encyclopedias in vernacular language were translations or abridgements of works in Latin. Among them the most famous is Li livre dou Trésor, written in French by

Much encyclopaedism of the French Renaissance was based upon the notion of not including every fact known to humans, but only that knowledge that was necessary, where necessity was judged by a wide variety of criteria, leading to works of greatly varying sizes.

Paul Ricœur has translated many works of Husserl into French.

In several early French works such as Chrétien de Troyes ' Perceval, the Story of the Grail and the Vulgate Lancelot Proper section, Excalibur is used by Gawain, Arthur's nephew and one of his best knights.

Although the company's repertoire included works from the French, Italian and English operatic literatures, they always performed in English.

Bulwer-Lytton's works of fiction and non-fiction were translated in his day and since then into many languages, including Serbian ( by Laza Kostic ), German, Russian, Norwegian, Swedish, French, Finnish, and Spanish.

From 1955 onwards, the works of directors of the so-called Polish Film School had a great influence on the contemporary trends such as French New Wave, Italian neorealism or even late Classical Hollywood cinema.

Goya's involvement with the court of the " Intruder king ", Joseph I, the brother of Napoleon Bonaparte, is not known ; he did paint works for French patrons and sympathisers, but kept neutral during the fighting.

As author of works such as Cvisinier françois, he is credited with publishing the first true French cookbook.

These works also left Europe and were imported to those parts of Latin America controlled by the Spanish and Portuguese empires and the parts of North America controlled by the British and French empires.

He particularly criticized the simple imitation of the French example and pleaded for a recollection of the classic theorems of Aristotle and for a serious reception of Shakespeare's works.

* Some works by Molinari available in original French from Hervé de Quengo's site.

This new position allowed him to study contemporary French music, which was particularly popular at the court: the works of Lully and Campra.

Like the French epics, such as the Chanson de Roland, Homeric poetry is indigenous and, by the ease of movement and its resultant simplicity, distinguishable from the works of Dante, Milton and Virgil.

Even the French epics display sentiments of fear and hatred of the Saracens ; but, in Homer's works, the interest is purely dramatic.

Because Anghiera's literary work was translated into English and French in a short period of time, the name " Hispaniola " is the most frequently used term in English-speaking countries for the island in scientific and cartographic works.