Using data he collected from his own observations Gersonides ' refuted Ptolemy's model in what the notable physicist Yuval Ne ' eman has considered as " one of the most important insights in the history of science, generally missed in telling the story of the transition from epicyclic corrections to the geocentric model to Copernicus ' heliocentric model ".

Ne ' eman argued that after Gersonides reviewed Ptolemy's model with its epicycles he realized that it could be checked, by measuring the changes in the apparent brightnesses of Mars and looking for cyclical changes along the conjectured epicycles.

The philosopher and astronomer Rabbi Abraham ibn Ezra ( c. 1140 ) established the symmetry of binomial coefficients, while a closed formula was obtained later by the talmudist and mathematician Levi ben Gerson ( better known as Gersonides ), in 1321.

: 1. the doctrine of the soul, in which Gersonides defends the theory of impersonal reason as mediating between God and man, and explains the formation of the higher reason ( or acquired intellect, as it was called ) in humanity — his view being thoroughly realist and resembling that of Avicebron ;

Gersonides was also the author of commentaries on the Pentateuch, Joshua, Judges, I & II Samuel, I & II Kings, Proverbs, Job, Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs, Ruth, Esther, Daniel, and Chronicles.

:" The view that God does not have foreknowledge of moral decisions which was advanced by ibn Daud and Gersonides ( Levi ben Gershom ) is not quite as isolated as Rabbi Bleich indicates, and it enjoys the support of two highly respected Achronim, Rabbi Yeshayahu Horowitz ( Shelah haKadosh ) and Rabbi Chaim ibn Attar ( Or haHayim haKadosh ).

Gersonides was also the earliest known mathematician to have used the technique of mathematical induction in a systematic and self-conscious fashion and anticipated Galileo ’ s error theory.

Gersonides believed that astrology was real, and developed a naturalistic, non-supernatural explanation of how it works.

Julius Guttman explained that for Gersonides, astrology was:

That challenge was finally answered, of course, by Copernicus three centuries later, but Gersonides was the only one to falsify the Alexandrian dogma-the first known instance of modern falsification philosophy.

This was the program of Jewish rationalist philosophers such as Saadia Gaon, Maimonides ( who was influenced by Ibn Sina aka Avicenna ), and Gersonides ( who was influenced by Ibn Roshd, aka Averroes ).

Thus instead there was a summary of the views of the most important medieval Jewish commentators, such as Abraham ibn Ezra, Rashi, Ramban, Radak, Sforno and Ralbag ( Gersonides ).

Unfortunately, there is no evidence that the findings had an impact on later generations of astronomers, even though Gersonides ' writings were translated and available.

Crescas makes no concealment of his purpose to vindicate classical Jewish thinking against the rationalism of Maimonides and Gersonides.

Major Jewish philosophers include Solomon ibn Gabirol, Saadia Gaon, Judah Halevi, Maimonides, and Gersonides.

* 1288 – Gersonides, Jewish philosopher, mathematician, and astronomer ( d. 1344 )

** Gersonides, French rabbi and mathematician ( b. 1288 )

* Gersonides, Jewish philosopher, mathematician, and astronomer ( d. 1344 )

Jewish neo-Aristotelian philosophers, who are still influential today, include Maimonides, Samuel ben Judah ibn Tibbon, and Gersonides.

Gersonides on Providence, Covenant, and the Chosen People.

Louis Jacobs writes that modern Jewish thinkers such as Levi Olan, echoing some classical Jewish writers such as the 14th-century Talmudist Gersonides have " thought of God as limited by His own nature so that while He is infinite in some respects he is finite in others ," referencing the idea, present in classical sources, that " there is a primal formless material co-existent with God from all eternity upon which God has to work and that God only knows the future in a general sense but not how individual men will exercise their choice.

" On the topic of omniscience and free will, Jacobs writes that in the medieval period, three views were put forth: Maimonides, who wrote that God had foreknowledge and man is free ; Gersonides, who wrote that man is free and consequently God does not have complete knowledge, and Hasdai Crescas, who wrote in Or Adonai that God has complete foreknowledge and consequently God is not really free.

Levi ben Gershon, better known by his Latinised name as Gersonides or the abbreviation of first letters as RaLBaG ( 1288 – 1344 ), philosopher, Talmudist, mathematician, astronomer / astrologer.

: 6. creation and miracles, in respect to which Gersonides deviates widely from the position of Maimonides.

In contrast to the theology held by other Jewish thinkers, Jewish theologian Louis Jacobs argues, Gersonides held that God does not have complete foreknowledge of human acts.

" Gersonides, bothered by the old question of how God's foreknowledge is compatible with human freedom, holds that what God knows beforehand is all the choices open to each individual.

Gersonides posits that people's souls are composed of two parts: a material, or human, intellect ; and an acquired, or agent, intellect.

For Gersonides, Seymour Feldman points out, " Man is immortal insofar as he attains the intellectual perfection that is open to him.

Gersonides wrote Maaseh Hoshev in 1321 dealing with arithmetical operations including extraction of square and cube roots, various algebraic identities, certain sums including sums of consecutive integers, squares, and cubes, binomial coefficients, and simple combinatorial identities.

Gersonides is the only astronomer before modern times to have estimated correctly stellar distances.

A 2004 case study concluded that the proper use of screenshots can significantly support a user ’ s “ developing a mental model of the program ” and help in “ identifying and locating window elements and objects .” This research concluded that screen shots allowed users to “ learn more, make fewer mistakes, and learn in a shorter time frame ,” which can certainly assist in increasing the time frame for full implementation of a CRM system with limited technical or human support.

The study therefore concluded that the economic model of opportunity cost better explained the findings.

In 1994 he compared model results to observed temperatures and found that the predicted temperatures for 1950 – 1980 deviated from the temperatures that had actually occurred, from which he concluded in his regular column in The Washington Times — with the headline that day " Climate Claims Wither under the Luminous Lights of Science "— that climate models are faulty.

In the 2000s, the atheist Richard Dawkins referring, like Paine, to the incident at, concluded, " No, Moses was not a great role model for modern moralists.

Based on the content analysis of seven interviews authors concluded five following components for their grounded model of acquisition:

As production of the 356 model concluded in 1965, on April 5, 1965 Porsche officially began production of the 912 coupe.

The authors concluded from their findings: " The model is supportive of the current phase-oriented treatment model, emphasizing the strengthening of the therapeutic relationship and the patient's resources in the initial stabilization phase.

Proving to be an ill-fated model, 1965 concluded the 2 year run for the Jetstar I.

Silberman concluded that contrary to this model, the likelihood of punishment had a greater effect in most situations.

Regardless, all studies have concluded that the catalyst is a dimer of The putative catalyst was determined using X-ray structural determinations of model complexes which have the necessary structural components to catalyze the Sharpless Epoxidation.

Therefore, Marius concluded that the geocentric Tychonic system, in which the planets circle the sun while the sun circles the Earth, must be the correct world system, or model of the universe.

The Heckscher – Ohlin Theorem, which is concluded from the Heckscher – Ohlin model of international trade, states: trade between countries is in proportion to their relative amounts of capital and labor.

Since the discovery of the Cosmic microwave background radiation ( CMB ) by Penzias and Robert Wilson in 1965, most cosmologists concluded that observations were best explained by the big bang model.

Although the show has been criticized for a supposed lack of educational value, Yale researchers Dorothy and Jerome Singer have concluded that episodes contain a great deal of age-appropriate educational material, calling the program a " model of what preschool television should be.

Thus, the Commission concluded that the " missionary apostolate ... which has been called ' uniatism ', can no longer be accepted either as a method to be followed nor as a model of the unity our Churches are seeking.

" He concluded his tribute by praising Prince Sadruddin as " a role model to many of us ... his example will continue to inspire new world citizens for several generations to come.

In 1999, astronomers at both San Francisco State University and the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics independently concluded that a three-planet model best fit the data.

The film was to have concluded with the Maitlands, Deetzes, and Otho conducting an exorcism ritual that destroys Betelgeuse, and the Maitlands transforming into miniature versions of themselves and moving into Adam's model of their home, which they refurbish to look like their house before the Deetzes moved in.

The book concluded that ultimately, face to face interaction is more influential than traditional media influence and thus confirmed the two-step flow model of communication.

applied these statistics to Evita, an Artificial life model similar to Tierra and Avida, but with limited organism interaction, and no parasitism, and concluded that Tierra-like systems do not exhibit the open-ended evolutionary signatures of naturally evolving systems.

In an analysis of the effects of intensive Anglo-American neoliberal policies in comparison to continental European neoliberalism, where unions have remained strong, they concluded " The U. S. economic and social model is associated with substantial levels of social exclusion, including high levels of income inequality, high relative and absolute poverty rates, poor and unequal educational outcomes, poor health outcomes, and high rates of crime and incarceration.

" Thereupon Ravary wrote out, or signed, a long report which he concluded by saying that, while the private life of the major was not a model to be recommended, there was nothing to prove that he was guilty of treason.