Major Jewish philosophers include Solomon ibn Gabirol, Saadia Gaon, Judah Halevi, Maimonides, and Gersonides.

* 1288 – Gersonides, Jewish philosopher, mathematician, and astronomer ( d. 1344 )

Jewish neo-Aristotelian philosophers, who are still influential today, include Maimonides, Samuel ben Judah ibn Tibbon, and Gersonides.

Louis Jacobs writes that modern Jewish thinkers such as Levi Olan, echoing some classical Jewish writers such as the 14th-century Talmudist Gersonides have " thought of God as limited by His own nature so that while He is infinite in some respects he is finite in others ," referencing the idea, present in classical sources, that " there is a primal formless material co-existent with God from all eternity upon which God has to work and that God only knows the future in a general sense but not how individual men will exercise their choice.

In contrast to the theology held by other Jewish thinkers, Jewish theologian Louis Jacobs argues, Gersonides held that God does not have complete foreknowledge of human acts.

Gersonides on Providence, Covenant, and the Chosen People: A Study in Medieval Jewish Philosophy and Biblical Commentary.

It is claimed that this is also the view expressed by some classical Jewish authorities, such as Abraham ibn Daud, Abraham ibn Ezra, and Gersonides.

Key Jewish philosophers included Samuel Ibn Tibbon, Maimonides, and Gersonides, among many others.

Three noted Jewish examples are that of the writings of Philo of Alexandria ( 1st century ), Maimonides ( 12th century ) and Gersonides ( 13th century ).

This was the program of Jewish rationalist philosophers such as Saadia Gaon, Maimonides ( who was influenced by Ibn Sina aka Avicenna ), and Gersonides ( who was influenced by Ibn Roshd, aka Averroes ).

Crescas makes no concealment of his purpose to vindicate classical Jewish thinking against the rationalism of Maimonides and Gersonides.

* Jewish Science is sometimes also used in reference to the secular scholarship of some Jews in the Middle Ages, such as Abraham bar Hiyya, ibn Ezra, Gersonides, Abraham Zacuto, etc.

The crater is named after the Medieval Jewish scholar Gersonides.

* “ Gersonides on Astrology, Divination, and Dreams ,” in Proceedings, Eighth World Congress of Jewish Studies, Division C, World Union of Jewish Studies, Jerusalem, 1982, pp. 47 – 52.

Thus instead there was a summary of the views of the most important medieval Jewish commentators, such as Abraham ibn Ezra, Rashi, Ramban, Radak, Sforno and Ralbag ( Gersonides ).

The philosopher and astronomer Rabbi Abraham ibn Ezra ( c. 1140 ) established the symmetry of binomial coefficients, while a closed formula was obtained later by the talmudist and mathematician Levi ben Gerson ( better known as Gersonides ), in 1321.

Levi ben Gershon, better known by his Latinised name as Gersonides or the abbreviation of first letters as RaLBaG ( 1288 – 1344 ), philosopher, Talmudist, mathematician, astronomer / astrologer.

* Gersonides, Levi ben Gershom, ( Ralbag ), 14th century French Talmudist and philosopher

** Gersonides, French rabbi and mathematician ( b. 1288 )

Gersonides was also the earliest known mathematician to have used the technique of mathematical induction in a systematic and self-conscious fashion and anticipated Galileo ’ s error theory.

Gersonides is the only astronomer before modern times to have estimated correctly stellar distances.

Gersonides on Providence, Covenant, and the Chosen People.

" On the topic of omniscience and free will, Jacobs writes that in the medieval period, three views were put forth: Maimonides, who wrote that God had foreknowledge and man is free ; Gersonides, who wrote that man is free and consequently God does not have complete knowledge, and Hasdai Crescas, who wrote in Or Adonai that God has complete foreknowledge and consequently God is not really free.

: 1. the doctrine of the soul, in which Gersonides defends the theory of impersonal reason as mediating between God and man, and explains the formation of the higher reason ( or acquired intellect, as it was called ) in humanity — his view being thoroughly realist and resembling that of Avicebron ;

: 6. creation and miracles, in respect to which Gersonides deviates widely from the position of Maimonides.

Gersonides was also the author of commentaries on the Pentateuch, Joshua, Judges, I & II Samuel, I & II Kings, Proverbs, Job, Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs, Ruth, Esther, Daniel, and Chronicles.

" Gersonides, bothered by the old question of how God's foreknowledge is compatible with human freedom, holds that what God knows beforehand is all the choices open to each individual.

Gersonides posits that people's souls are composed of two parts: a material, or human, intellect ; and an acquired, or agent, intellect.

For Gersonides, Seymour Feldman points out, " Man is immortal insofar as he attains the intellectual perfection that is open to him.

Gersonides wrote Maaseh Hoshev in 1321 dealing with arithmetical operations including extraction of square and cube roots, various algebraic identities, certain sums including sums of consecutive integers, squares, and cubes, binomial coefficients, and simple combinatorial identities.

Gersonides believed that astrology was real, and developed a naturalistic, non-supernatural explanation of how it works.

Ne ' eman argued that after Gersonides reviewed Ptolemy's model with its epicycles he realized that it could be checked, by measuring the changes in the apparent brightnesses of Mars and looking for cyclical changes along the conjectured epicycles.

Gersonides concluded that the model was no good.

Although controversial at its time, the 13 principles laid out by the 12th century Spanish Jewish philosopher Maimonides are now considered mostly normative.

The Hellenistic Jewish philosopher Philo in the early 1st century AD wrote about the destruction of Atlantis in his On the Eternity of the World, xxvi.

The popularization of the Jewish chant may be found in the writings of the Jewish philosopher Philo, born 20 BCE.

The Therapeutae, pagan ascetic hermits and loosely organized cenobitic communities described by the Hellenized Jewish philosopher Philo of Alexandria in the first century, were long established in the harsh environments by Lake Mareotis close to Alexandria, and in other less-accessible regions.

The Jewish philosopher Philo merged these two themes when he described the Logos as God's creator of and mediator with the material world.

His works frequently cite Talmudic, Midrashic and medieval commentaries on Biblical creation accounts, such as commentaries written by the Jewish philosopher Nachmanides.

Herbert Marcuse (; July 19, 1898 – July 29, 1979 ) was a German Jewish philosopher, sociologist and political theorist, associated with the Frankfurt School of critical theory.

* Yehuda Halevi, prominent Medieval Spanish Jewish philosopher and poet

* Judah Loew ben Bezalel, the Maharal, important Talmudic scholar, Jewish mystic, and philosopher who served as a leading rabbi in Prague ( now in the Czech Republic ) for most of his life

* Manuel Joël, Silesian Jewish philosopher

Mosheh ben Maimon ( משה בן מימון )‎, called Moses Maimonides and also known as Mūsā ibn Maymūn (), or RaMBaM ( רמב " ם – Hebrew acronym for " Rabbi Mosheh Ben Maimon "), was a preeminent medieval Jewish philosopher and one of the most prolific and followed Torah scholars and physicians of the Middle Ages.

Philo, a Hellenistic Jewish philosopher also exonerates Noah by noting that one can drink in two different manners: ( 1 ) to drink wine in excess, a peculiar sin to the vicious evil man or ( 2 ) to partake of wine as the wise man, Noah being the latter.

Martin Buber, the Jewish religious philosopher, attacked Huxley's notion that mescaline allowed a person to participate in " common being ", and held that the drug ushered users " merely into a strictly private sphere ".

French Jewish philosopher Emmanuel Levinas, who had himself been a prisoner of war in Nazi Germany, declared theodicy to be " blasphemous ", arguing that it is the " source of all immorality ", and demanded that the project of theodicy be ended.

Philoponus ' arguments against an infinite past were used by the early Muslim philosopher, Al-Kindi ( Alkindus ); the Jewish philosopher, Saadia Gaon ( Saadia ben Joseph ); and the Muslim theologian, Al-Ghazali ( Algazel ).

* Joseph Albo ( Hebrew: יוסף אלבו ) ( – 1444 ) was a Jewish philosopher and rabbi who lived in Spain.

* Maimonides, Jewish philosopher

* Abraham bar Hiyya, Jewish philosopher, astronomer, and mathematician from Catalonia

* Moses ibn Ezra, Jewish philosopher, poet, and linguist from Spain

* Solomon ibn Gabirol, Jewish philosopher and poet from Spanish Al-Andalus

* December 25 – Hugo Bergmann, German and Israeli Jewish philosopher ( d. 1975 )

** Gershom Scholem, German-born Israeli Jewish philosopher and historian ( d. 1982 )

* February 21 – Gershom Scholem, German-born Israeli Jewish philosopher and historian ( b. 1897 )