Louis Jacobs writes that modern Jewish thinkers such as Levi Olan, echoing some classical Jewish writers such as the 14th-century Talmudist Gersonides have " thought of God as limited by His own nature so that while He is infinite in some respects he is finite in others ," referencing the idea, present in classical sources, that " there is a primal formless material co-existent with God from all eternity upon which God has to work and that God only knows the future in a general sense but not how individual men will exercise their choice.

" On the topic of omniscience and free will, Jacobs writes that in the medieval period, three views were put forth: Maimonides, who wrote that God had foreknowledge and man is free ; Gersonides, who wrote that man is free and consequently God does not have complete knowledge, and Hasdai Crescas, who wrote in Or Adonai that God has complete foreknowledge and consequently God is not really free.

" Gersonides, bothered by the old question of how God's foreknowledge is compatible with human freedom, holds that what God knows beforehand is all the choices open to each individual.

:" The view that God does not have foreknowledge of moral decisions which was advanced by ibn Daud and Gersonides ( Levi ben Gershom ) is not quite as isolated as Rabbi Bleich indicates, and it enjoys the support of two highly respected Achronim, Rabbi Yeshayahu Horowitz ( Shelah haKadosh ) and Rabbi Chaim ibn Attar ( Or haHayim haKadosh ).

For Gersonides, Seymour Feldman points out, " Man is immortal insofar as he attains the intellectual perfection that is open to him.

Unfortunately, there is no evidence that the findings had an impact on later generations of astronomers, even though Gersonides ' writings were translated and available.

Gersonides is an important character in the novel The Dream of Scipio by Iain Pears, where he is depicted as the mentor of the protagonist Olivier de Noyen, a non-Jewish poet and intellectual.

A ( fictional ) encounter between Gersonides and Pope Clement VI at Avignon during the Black Death is a major element in the book's plot.

It is claimed that this is also the view expressed by some classical Jewish authorities, such as Abraham ibn Daud, Abraham ibn Ezra, and Gersonides.

Gersonides is best known for his work Milhamot HaShem (" Wars of the Lord ").

" Gersonides, bothered by the old question of how God's foreknowledge is compatible with human freedom, suggests that what God knows beforehand is all the choices open to each individual.

Religious tradition is so preponderatingly in favor of the assumption that the world and matter are created, and Gersonides ' counter-reasoning is so inconclusive, that Crescas regards the denial of creation as heterodox.

* Jewish Science is sometimes also used in reference to the secular scholarship of some Jews in the Middle Ages, such as Abraham bar Hiyya, ibn Ezra, Gersonides, Abraham Zacuto, etc.

The crater is named after the Medieval Jewish scholar Gersonides.

Gersonides proved that there are only four such pairs: ( 1, 2 ), ( 2, 3 ), ( 3, 4 ) and ( 8, 9 ).

That challenge was finally answered, of course, by Copernicus three centuries later, but Gersonides was the only one to falsify the Alexandrian dogma-the first known instance of modern falsification philosophy.

The philosopher and astronomer Rabbi Abraham ibn Ezra ( c. 1140 ) established the symmetry of binomial coefficients, while a closed formula was obtained later by the talmudist and mathematician Levi ben Gerson ( better known as Gersonides ), in 1321.

* 1288 – Gersonides, Jewish philosopher, mathematician, and astronomer ( d. 1344 )

* Gersonides, Jewish philosopher, mathematician, and astronomer ( d. 1344 )

Levi ben Gershon, better known by his Latinised name as Gersonides or the abbreviation of first letters as RaLBaG ( 1288 – 1344 ), philosopher, Talmudist, mathematician, astronomer / astrologer.

Whereas all other astronomers put the stars on a rotating sphere just beyond the outer planets, Gersonides estimated the distance to the stars to be ten billion times greater, of the order of 100 light-years ( in modern units ).

You state that Gersonides calculated that the stars were 10 billion times farther away from Earth than what Ptolemy claimed, i. e. in the order of 100 light years.

In contrast to the theology held by other Jewish thinkers, Jewish theologian Louis Jacobs argues, Gersonides held that God does not have complete foreknowledge of human acts.

Gersonides was also the earliest known mathematician to have used the technique of mathematical induction in a systematic and self-conscious fashion and anticipated Galileo ’ s error theory.

Gersonides held that haShem does not have complete foreknowledge of human acts.

Major Jewish philosophers include Solomon ibn Gabirol, Saadia Gaon, Judah Halevi, Maimonides, and Gersonides.

** Gersonides, French rabbi and mathematician ( b. 1288 )

Jewish neo-Aristotelian philosophers, who are still influential today, include Maimonides, Samuel ben Judah ibn Tibbon, and Gersonides.

Gersonides on Providence, Covenant, and the Chosen People.

: 1. the doctrine of the soul, in which Gersonides defends the theory of impersonal reason as mediating between God and man, and explains the formation of the higher reason ( or acquired intellect, as it was called ) in humanity — his view being thoroughly realist and resembling that of Avicebron ;

: 6. creation and miracles, in respect to which Gersonides deviates widely from the position of Maimonides.

Gersonides was also the author of commentaries on the Pentateuch, Joshua, Judges, I & II Samuel, I & II Kings, Proverbs, Job, Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs, Ruth, Esther, Daniel, and Chronicles.

Gersonides posits that people's souls are composed of two parts: a material, or human, intellect ; and an acquired, or agent, intellect.

Gersonides wrote Maaseh Hoshev in 1321 dealing with arithmetical operations including extraction of square and cube roots, various algebraic identities, certain sums including sums of consecutive integers, squares, and cubes, binomial coefficients, and simple combinatorial identities.

Gersonides believed that astrology was real, and developed a naturalistic, non-supernatural explanation of how it works.

Ne ' eman argued that after Gersonides reviewed Ptolemy's model with its epicycles he realized that it could be checked, by measuring the changes in the apparent brightnesses of Mars and looking for cyclical changes along the conjectured epicycles.

Gersonides concluded that the model was no good.

Bryn Mawr Drive is only two or three miles from the Spartan, and it took me less than five minutes to get there.

Actually, only two men know what the formula is, Blake and '' -- He stopped and looked at Thor's body.

In fact it has caused us to give serious thought to moving our residence south, because it is not easy for the most objective Southerner to sit calmly by when his host is telling a roomful of people that the only way to deal with Southerners who oppose integration is to send in troops and shoot the bastards down.

This is the only case in modern history of a people of Britannic origin submitting without continued struggle to what they view as foreign domination.

Recognizing that the Rule of Law is `` a dynamic concept which should be employed not only to safeguard the civil and political rights of the individual in a free society '', the Congress asserted that it also included the responsibility `` to establish social, economic, educational and cultural conditions under which his legitimate aspirations and dignity may be realized ''.

It is the gait of the human who must run to live: arms dangling, legs barely swinging over the ground, head hung down and only occasionally swinging up to see the target, a loose motion that is just short of stumbling and yet is wonderfully graceful.

They are huge areas which have been swept by winds for so many centuries that there is no soil left, but only deep bare ridges fifty or sixty yards apart with ravines between them thirty or forty feet deep and the only thing that moves is a scuttling layer of sand.

Others are confined to vast reservations, and not only does the Australian government justifiably not wish them to be viewed as exhibits in a zoo, but on their reservations they are extremely fugitive, shunning camps, coming together only for corroborees at which their strange culture comes to its highest pitch -- which is very low indeed.

`` Now that Bruno Walter is virtually in retirement and my dear friend Dimitri Mitropoulos is no longer with us, I am probably the only one -- with the possible exception of Leonard Bernstein -- who has this special affinity for and champions the works of Bruckner and Mahler ''.

Thus, there is freshness not only in the individual movements of the dance but in the shape of their continuity as well.

The answers derived by these means may determine not only the temporal organization of the dance but also its spatial design, special slips designating the location on the stage where the movement is to be performed.

I think it is essential, however, to pinpoint here the difference between the two concepts of sovereignty that went to war in 1861 -- if only to see better how imperative is our need today to clarify completely our far worse confusion on this subject.

To my knowledge, Lincoln remains the only Head of State and Commander-in-Chief who, while fighting a fearful war whose issue was in doubt, proved man enough to say this publicly -- to give his foe the benefit of the fact that in all human truth there is some error, and in all our error, some truth.

It is all around us and our only chance now is to let it in.