Jewish neo-Aristotelian philosophers, who are still influential today, include Maimonides, Samuel ben Judah ibn Tibbon, and Gersonides.

Gersonides proved that there are only four such pairs: ( 1, 2 ), ( 2, 3 ), ( 3, 4 ) and ( 8, 9 ).

Three noted Jewish examples are that of the writings of Philo of Alexandria ( 1st century ), Maimonides ( 12th century ) and Gersonides ( 13th century ).

Religious tradition is so preponderatingly in favor of the assumption that the world and matter are created, and Gersonides ' counter-reasoning is so inconclusive, that Crescas regards the denial of creation as heterodox.

:" The view that God does not have foreknowledge of moral decisions which was advanced by ibn Daud and Gersonides ( Levi ben Gershom ) is not quite as isolated as Rabbi Bleich indicates, and it enjoys the support of two highly respected Achronim, Rabbi Yeshayahu Horowitz ( Shelah haKadosh ) and Rabbi Chaim ibn Attar ( Or haHayim haKadosh ).

Louis Jacobs writes that modern Jewish thinkers such as Levi Olan, echoing some classical Jewish writers such as the 14th-century Talmudist Gersonides have " thought of God as limited by His own nature so that while He is infinite in some respects he is finite in others ," referencing the idea, present in classical sources, that " there is a primal formless material co-existent with God from all eternity upon which God has to work and that God only knows the future in a general sense but not how individual men will exercise their choice.

In contrast to the theology held by other Jewish thinkers, Jewish theologian Louis Jacobs argues, Gersonides held that God does not have complete foreknowledge of human acts.

" Gersonides, bothered by the old question of how God's foreknowledge is compatible with human freedom, holds that what God knows beforehand is all the choices open to each individual.

Gersonides held that haShem does not have complete foreknowledge of human acts.

" Gersonides, bothered by the old question of how God's foreknowledge is compatible with human freedom, suggests that what God knows beforehand is all the choices open to each individual.

: 1. the doctrine of the soul, in which Gersonides defends the theory of impersonal reason as mediating between God and man, and explains the formation of the higher reason ( or acquired intellect, as it was called ) in humanity — his view being thoroughly realist and resembling that of Avicebron ;

" On the topic of omniscience and free will, Jacobs writes that in the medieval period, three views were put forth: Maimonides, who wrote that God had foreknowledge and man is free ; Gersonides, who wrote that man is free and consequently God does not have complete knowledge, and Hasdai Crescas, who wrote in Or Adonai that God has complete foreknowledge and consequently God is not really free.

; 1300: Rabbi Levi ben Gershom, aka Gersonides.

Isaac's responsa evidence a profound knowledge of the philosophical writings of his time ; in one of Responsa No. 118 he explains the difference between the opinion of Gersonides and that of Abraham ben David of Posquières on free will, and gives his own views on the subject.

The philosopher and astronomer Rabbi Abraham ibn Ezra ( c. 1140 ) established the symmetry of binomial coefficients, while a closed formula was obtained later by the talmudist and mathematician Levi ben Gerson ( better known as Gersonides ), in 1321.

Major Jewish philosophers include Solomon ibn Gabirol, Saadia Gaon, Judah Halevi, Maimonides, and Gersonides.

* 1288 – Gersonides, Jewish philosopher, mathematician, and astronomer ( d. 1344 )

** Gersonides, French rabbi and mathematician ( b. 1288 )

* Gersonides, Jewish philosopher, mathematician, and astronomer ( d. 1344 )

Gersonides on Providence, Covenant, and the Chosen People.

Levi ben Gershon, better known by his Latinised name as Gersonides or the abbreviation of first letters as RaLBaG ( 1288 – 1344 ), philosopher, Talmudist, mathematician, astronomer / astrologer.

: 6. creation and miracles, in respect to which Gersonides deviates widely from the position of Maimonides.

Gersonides was also the author of commentaries on the Pentateuch, Joshua, Judges, I & II Samuel, I & II Kings, Proverbs, Job, Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs, Ruth, Esther, Daniel, and Chronicles.

For Gersonides, Seymour Feldman points out, " Man is immortal insofar as he attains the intellectual perfection that is open to him.

Gersonides wrote Maaseh Hoshev in 1321 dealing with arithmetical operations including extraction of square and cube roots, various algebraic identities, certain sums including sums of consecutive integers, squares, and cubes, binomial coefficients, and simple combinatorial identities.

Gersonides was also the earliest known mathematician to have used the technique of mathematical induction in a systematic and self-conscious fashion and anticipated Galileo ’ s error theory.

Gersonides believed that astrology was real, and developed a naturalistic, non-supernatural explanation of how it works.

Gersonides is the only astronomer before modern times to have estimated correctly stellar distances.

Ne ' eman argued that after Gersonides reviewed Ptolemy's model with its epicycles he realized that it could be checked, by measuring the changes in the apparent brightnesses of Mars and looking for cyclical changes along the conjectured epicycles.

Gersonides concluded that the model was no good.

The expected utility hypothesis posits that a utility function exists whose expected net change is a good criterion for real people's behavior.

Social Exchange Theory posits that the major force in interpersonal relationships is the satisfaction of both people's self-interest.

It posits that departed souls can expiate their sins and achieve spiritual growth by " returning " to earth and cooperating with living people to good deeds.

Platonism posits that mathematical objects are abstract entities.

Instead, it posits the arising of events under certain conditions which are inextricable, such that the processes in question at no time, are considered to be entities.

Dependent origination posits that certain specific events, concepts, or realities are always dependent on other specific things.

Spitzer also posits that the new culture-bound diagnoses are rarely used in practice, maintaining that the standard diagnoses apply regardless of the culture involved.

The first is transformational leadership, which posits that there are certain leadership traits that inspire subordinates to perform beyond their capabilities.

Using the propaganda model, Manufacturing Consent posits that corporate-owned news mass communication media — print, radio, television — are businesses subject to commercial competition for advertising revenue and profit.

His key target of criticism is any form of extreme mentalism which posits mental states that are entirely unconnected to the subject's environment.

Besides Aristotle's ontology of substances, another example of an ontology that posits actual entities is in the monads of Leibniz, which are said to be ' windowless '.

The educational philosophy's overarching goals are to provide young people the basis on which to develop into free, morally responsible and integrated individuals, and to help every child fulfill his or her unique destiny, the existence of which anthroposophy posits.

An often-cited theory published by R. A. Fisher in 1930 that attempts to resolve the paradox posits that such traits are the results of explosive positive feedback loops that have as their starting points particular sexual preferences for features that confer a survival advantage and thus " become established in the species.

String theory posits that the electrons and quarks within an atom are not 0-dimensional objects, but made up of 1-dimensional strings.

It posits that human beings are capable of being ethical and moral without religion or a god.

However, in social dynamics individual choices and interactions are typically viewed as the source of aggregate level behavior, while system dynamics posits that the structure of feedbacks and accumulations are responsible for system level dynamics.

Absurdism itself is a branch of the traditional assertions of existentialism, pioneered by Søren Kierkegaard, and posits that, while inherent meaning might very well exist in the universe, human beings are incapable of finding it due to some form of mental or philosophical limitation.

Physical objects are conceptually imported into the situation as convenient intermediaries not by definition in terms of experience, but simply as irreducible posits comparable, epistemologically, to the gods of Homer.

Gender role theory posits that boys and girls learn the appropriate behavior and attitudes from the family and overall culture they grow up with, and so non-physical gender differences are a product of socialization.

Six Degrees of Kevin Bacon is a parlor game based on the " six degrees of separation " concept, which posits that any two people on Earth are, on average, about six acquaintance links apart.

Platonism posits that mathematical objects are abstract entities.

The etymologist Yāska ( c. 5th century BCE ) posits that meaning inheres in the sentence, and that word meanings are derived based on sentential usage.

That the sound of a word also forms a class ( sound-universal ) was observed by Bhartṛhari ( c. 500 AD ), who also posits that language-universals are the units of thought, close to the nominalist or even the linguistic determinism position.

Meta-ideology posits that ideology is a coherent system of ideas, relying upon a few basic assumptions about reality that may or may not have any factual basis, but are subjective choices that serve as the seed around which further thought grows.

Regarding spontaneous or natural monozygotic twinning, a recent theory posits that monozygotic twins are formed after a blastocyst essentially collapses, splitting the progenitor cells ( those that contain the body's fundamental genetic material ) in half, leaving the same genetic material divided in two on opposite sides of the embryo.