After the death of Gondophares I, the empire started to fragment.

But the Indo-Parthians never regained the position of Gondophares I, and from the middle of the 1st century AD the Kushans under Kujula Kadphises began absorbing the northern Indian part of the kingdom.

As Senior points out, this Gudnaphar has usually been identified with the first Gondophares, who has thus been dated after the advent of Christianity, but there is no evidence for this assumption, and Senior ’ s research shows that Gondophares I could be dated even before 1 AD.

* Gondophares I ( c. 20 BC – first years AD ) Coin

Gondophares I ( Pashto: Gandapur ) a Seistani representative of the house of Suren as well as founder and first king of the Indo-Parthian Kingdom.

Gondophares I has traditionally been given a later date ; the reign of one king calling himself Gondophares has been established at 20 AD by the rock inscription he set up at Takht-i Bahi ( also known as Takht Bahi ) in 46 AD., and he has also been connected with the third-century Acts of Thomas.

Recent research has however shown unambiguously that " Gondophares " was a title held by many kings ; none of the ancient inscriptions or sources could be specifically connected with the first Gondophares, and numismatic indications strongly suggest that Gondophares I was earlier than these events.

Gondophares I took over the Kabul valley and the Punjab and Sindh region area from the Indo-Scythian king Azes.

In reality, a number of vassal rulers seem to have switched allegiance from the Indo-Scythians to Gondophares I.

This king has been associated with Gondophares I by many scholars, as it was not yet established that there were several kings with the same name.

Purii says that the dates given by Philostratus in his Life of Apollonius of Tyana for Apollonius ' visit to Taxila, 43 – 44 AD, are within the period of the reign of Gondophares I, who also went by the Parthian name, Phraotes.

Abdagases I was an Indo-Parthian king, a nephew of Gondophares evident from some of his coins, who ruled during the first decades of the 1st century AD.

After a short reign, Sarpedones seems to have been succeeded by Orthagnes, who became Gondophares III Gadana.

These kings have traditionally been referred to as Indo-Parthians, as their coinage was often inspired by the Arsacid dynasty, but they probably belonged to a wider groups of Iranian tribes who lived east of Parthia proper, and there is no evidence that all the kings who assumed the title Gondophares, which means ” Holder of Glory ”, were even related.

B. N. Puri, of the Department of Ancient Indian History and Archaeology, University of Lucknow, India, also identified Gondophares with the ruler said to have been converted by Saint Thomas the Apostle.

Gondophares became the ruler of areas comprising Arachosia, Seistan, Sindh, Punjab, and the Kabul valley, but it does not seem as though he held territory beyond eastern Punjab.

After 20 AD, a king named Sases, a nephew of the Apracaraja ruler Aspavarma, took over Abdagases ’ territories and became Gondophares IV Sases.

The most important successor was Abdagases, Gondophares ’ nephew, who ruled in Punjab and possibly in the homeland of Seistan.

Ernst Herzfeld maintained that the dynasty of Gondophares represented the house of Suren .< ref > Ernst Herzfeld, Archaeological History of Iran, London, Oxford University Press for the British Academy, 1935, p. 63 ; name =" Bivar_2003 "/>< sup > cf.

A. D. H. Bivar, writing in The Cambridge History of Iran, said that the reign dates of one Gondophares recorded in the Takht-i Bahi inscription ( 20 – 46 or later AD ) are consistent with the dates given in the Apocryphal Acts of Thomas for the Apostle's voyage to India following the Crucifixion in c. 30 AD.

Sodasa reigned during the 1st century CE, and also took the title of Great Satrap, probably in the area of Mathura as well, but apparently under the suzerainty of the Indo-Parthian king Gondophares.

Following the decline of the central Parthian authority after clashes with the Roman Empire, a local Parthian leader, Gondophares established the Indo-Parthian Kingdom in the 1st century CE.

* Gondophares becomes king of the Saces.

The Indo-Parthian Kingdom was founded by Gondophares around 20 BCE when he declared his Independence from the Parthians.

As it turned out however, " Gondophares " ( Old Persian: Vindafarna ) was actually a byname of several kings, meaning " May he find glory "; According to modern chronologists, the king most likely referred to by Thomas was Gondophares IV Sases.

Christian records claim that around AD 40 Thomas the Apostle visited India and encountered the Indo-Parthian king Gondophares.

Portrait of Gondophares, founder of the Indo-Parthian kingdom.

Gondophares called himself " King of Kings ", a Parthian title that in his case correctly reflects that the Indo-Parthian empire was only a loose framework: a number of smaller dynasts certainly maintained their positions during the Indo-Parthian period, likely in exchange for their recognition of Gondophares and his successors.

The Ksaharatas also held sway in Gujerat, perhaps just outside Gondophares ' dominions.

The name or title Gondophares was adapted by Sarpedones, who become Gondophares II and was possibly son of the first Gondophares.

According to Senior, this is the Gondophares referred to in the Takht-i-Bahi inscription.

Some ancient writing describe the presence of the Indo-Parthians in the area, such as the story of Saint Thomas the Apostle, who was recruited as a carpenter to serve at the court of king " Gudnaphar " ( thought to be Gondophares ) in India.

Just before coming to the mosque entrance I crossed the street, entered the Hippodrome, and walked ahead to the Obelisk of Theodosius, originally erected in Heliopolis in Egypt about 1,600 B.C. by Thutmose, who also built those now in New York, London and Rome at the Lateran.

Christopher Robin Milne's stuffed bear, originally named " Edward ", was renamed " Winnie-the-Pooh " after a Canadian black bear named Winnie ( after Winnipeg ), which was used as a military mascot in World War I, and left to London Zoo during the war.

) Critical editions of the Arabic text have been published in Cairo, 1952 – 83, originally under the supervision of I. Madkour

The Apple I went on sale in July 1976 at a price of, because Wozniak " liked repeating digits " and because they originally sold it to a local shop for $ 500 plus a one-third markup.

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Tank or " landship " development, originally conducted by the British Navy under the auspices of the Landships Committee was sponsored by the First Lord of the Admiralty, Winston Churchill and proceeded through a number of prototypes culminating in the Mark I tank prototype, named Mother.

In addition, works published before 1964 that did not have their copyrights renewed 28 years after first publication year also are in the public domain, except that books originally published outside the US by non-Americans are exempt from this requirement, if they are still under copyright in their home country ( see How Can I Tell Whether a Copyright Was Renewed for more details ).

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The Mary Baker Eddy Library for the Betterment of Humanity is housed in an 11-story structure originally built for The Christian Science Publishing Society constructed between 1932 and 1934, and the present plaza was constructed in the late 1960s and early 1970s to include a 28 story administration building, a colonnade, and a reflecting pool with fountain, designed by Araldo Cossutta of I. M. Pei and Partners ( now Pei Cobb Freed ).

Constans managed to extract the prefecture of Illyricum and the diocese of Thrace, provinces that were originally part of what was meant to be ruled by his cousin Dalmatius as per Constantine I ’ s proposed division of the Empire after his death.

Polkan is originally based on Pulicane, a half-dog from Andrea da Barberino's poem I Reali di Francia, which was once popular in the Slavonic world in prosaic translations.

The Maguires were supplanted by William Cole, originally from Devon, who was appointed by James I to build an English settlement there.

Einstein later expressed to Erwin Schrödinger that, " it did not come out as well as I had originally wanted ; rather, the essential thing was, so to speak, smothered by the formalism.

Freecivs graphics system is configurable: originally, map display was always in overhead mode ( like in Civ I ), which many players found rather crude ; isometric mode ( like in Civ II ) and optionally hexagonal tiling ( like in Civ V ) were added later.

Interestingly, " I Will Survive " was originally the B-side when Polydor Records released it in late 1978.

The opera had been originally commissioned by Vienna's Carltheater ; however the outbreak of World War I prevented the premiere being given there.

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The title was originally I Changed My Sex!

Zork I was released originally for the TRS-80 in 1980 and eventually sold more than a million copies across several platforms.

Isidore of Miletus and Anthemius of Tralles originally planned on a main hall of the Hagia Sophia that measured 230 feet by 250 feet, making it the largest church in Constantinople, but the original dome was nearly 20 feet lower than it was constructed, “ Justinian suppressed these riots and took the opportunity of marking his victory by erecting in 532-7 the new Hagia Sophia, one of the largest, most lavish, and most expensive buildings of all time .” Although Isidore of Miletus and Anthemius of Tralles were not formally educated in architecture, they were scientists that could organize the logistics of drawing thousands of laborers and unprecedented loads of rare raw materials from around the Roman Empire to create the Hagia Sophia for Emperor Justinian I.

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* P. H. I. R. M., a 1980s computer hacking group originally known as Kilobaud