The Chinese world view during the Han dynasty, when the Lo Shu seems to have been at the height of its popularity, was based in large part on the teachings of the Yin-Yang and Five-Elements School, which was traditionally founded by Tsou Yen.

The system of Chinese astrology was elaborated during the Zhou dynasty ( 1046 – 256 BC ) and flourished during the Han Dynasty ( 2nd century BC to 2nd century AD ), during which all the familiar elements of traditional Chinese culture – the Yin-Yang philosophy, theory of the 5 elements, Heaven and Earth, Confucian morality – were brought together to formalise the philosophical principles of Chinese medicine and divination, astrology and alchemy.

The identity of the high-ranking personage who lived luxuriously in Chinese style, far outside of the borders of the Han Empire, has remained a matter for discussion ever since.

A Han Dynasty ( 202 BC – 220 AD ) Chinese miniature model of two residential towers joined by a bridge

Classical Chinese astronomy is recorded in the Han period and appears in the form of three schools, which are attributed to astronomers of the Zhanguo period.

** Han Chinese, the dominant ethnic group in mainland China, Taiwan and Singapore

* Chinese language, a language or family of languages spoken by the Han Chinese in China

The conventional view of Chinese history is that of alternating periods of political unity and disunity, with China occasionally being dominated by steppe peoples, most of whom were in turn assimilated into the Han Chinese population.

Though the unified reign of the First Qin Emperor lasted only 12 years, he managed to subdue great parts of what constitutes the core of the Han Chinese homeland and to unite them under a tightly centralized Legalist government seated at Xianyang ( close to modern Xi ' an ).

Taking advantage of civil war in the Jin Dynasty, the contemporary non-Han Chinese ( Wu Hu ) ethnic groups controlled much of the country in the early 4th century and provoked large-scale Han Chinese migrations to south of the Yangtze River.

The Manchus enforced a ' queue order ,' forcing the Han Chinese to adopt the Manchu queue hairstyle and Manchu-style clothing.

The Six Dynasties era saw the rise of the Xuanxue philosophical school and the maturation of Chinese Buddhism, which had entered China from India during the Late Han Dynasties.

Herbs were important to the Chinese people, especially during the Han Dynasty.

Further east, the military history of China, specifically northern China, held a long tradition of intense military exchange between Han Chinese infantry forces of the settled dynastic empires and the mounted nomads or " barbarians " of the north.

The Chinese recognized early on during the Han Dynasty ( 202 BC-220 AD ) that they were at a disadvantage in lacking the number of horses the northern nomadic peoples mustered in their armies.

After the war, 200, 000 Chinese troops under General Lu Han were sent by Chiang Kai-shek to northern Indochina ( north of the 16th parallel ) to accept the surrender of Japanese occupying forces there, and remained in Indochina until 1946, when the French returned.

Chiang Kai-shek considered both the Han Chinese and all the minority peoples of China, the Five Races Under One Union, as descendants of Huangdi, the Yellow Emperor and semi mythical founder of the Chinese nation, and belonging to the Chinese Nation Zhonghua Minzu and he introduced this into Kuomintang ideology, which was propagated into the educational system of the Republic of China.

The Emperor Wu of the Western Han dynasty introduced reforms that have governed the Chinese calendar ever since.

The Manchu court keenly aware its own minority status reinforced a strict policy of racial segregation between the Manchus and Mongols from Han Chinese for fear of being sinicized by the latter.

The Qing Dynasty started colonizing Manchuria with Han Chinese later on in the dynasty's rule, but the Manchu area was still separated from modern-day Inner Mongolia by the Outer Willow Palisade, which kept the Manchu and the Mongols in the area separate.

Despite a considerable movement among Inner Mongolia's Mongols ( who comprised then around 15 % of Inner Mongolia's population, while Han Chinese around 83 %) for unification with Outer Mongolia, Inner Mongolia remained part of China.

Because the Han Chinese commander Guo Kan fought with the Mongols under Hulegu in the Middle East, Kublai had heard of siege engines of great effectiveness.

To achieve this he believed that China must develop a " China-nationalism ," Zhonghua Minzu, as opposed to an " ethnic-nationalism ," so as to unite all of the different ethnicities of China, mainly composed by the five major groups of Han, Mongols, Tibetans, Manchus, and the Muslims ( such as the Uyghurs ), which together are symbolized by the Five Color Flag of the First Republic ( 1911 – 1928 ).

Under the Mongols ' control, Jurchens were mainly divided in two groups and treated differently: the ones who were born and raised in North China and fluent in Chinese were considered as Chinese people ( Han ); but the people who were born and raised in Jurchen's homeland ( Manchuria ) without a Chinese-speaking abilities were treated as Mongols politically.

Flag of the Republic of China from 1912-1928, the five stripes represents the " five great races " of China: red represents Han Chinese, yellow represents Manchus, blue represents Mongols, white collectively represents both Huis and Uyghurs, and black for Tibetans.

His dynasty's mission was to drive away the Mongols and restore Han Chinese rule in China.

He arrived in Hohhot, the capital of Inner Mongolia, and found the Mongols in a rebellious mood because of a corrupt military Governor who was colonizing Mongol pasture lands with Han Chinese farmers.

The Eight Banners consisted of three principal ethnic components: the Manchu, the Han, and the Mongols, and various smaller ethnic groups, such as the Daur and Evenki.

A government for the people invoked the idea of civic nationalism, which sought to create unity between the five traditional ethnic groups in China ( Han, Manchus, Mongols, Hui ( Muslims ), and Tibetans ) in order to stand up to European and Japanese imperialism as one, strong nation.

Smaller caravans owned by Mongols of the Alashan ( the westernmost Inner Mongolia ) and manned by Han Chinese from Zhenfan, were able to make longer marches ( and, thus, cover longer distances faster ) than the typical Han Chinese or Hui caravans, because the Mongols were able to always use " fresh " camels ( picked from their large herd for just a single journey ), every man was provided with a camel to ride, and loads were much lighter than in the " standard " caravans ( rarely exceeding.

The red represented Han, the yellow represented Manchus, the blue for Mongols, the white for Tibetans, and the black for Muslims.

During the Chinese classificatory campaigns carried out in the 1950s, those who could no longer speak their language were classified into " Han ," those who could not speak their language but adopted the Islamic religion were classified into " Hui ," those who followed the Mongols into the northern grassland were classified into " Mongols ," and those who spoke their language and adopted the Islamic religion were classified into " Dongxiang ," " Bao ’ an ," and " Yügu ," the last of which represented the intermixture of the Xianbei and Sari Uigur.

They are mixed between Mongols, Hui, Han Chinese, and Tibetans, and wear Hui attire.

Toward the end, corruption and the persecution became so severe that Muslim generals joined Han Chinese in rebelling against the Mongols.

Some Muslim communities had the name " kamsia ," which, in Hokkien Chinese, means " thank you "; many Hui Muslims claim it is because that they played an important role in overthrowing the Mongols and it was named in thanks by the Han Chinese for assisting them.

Under the ideology of the Five Races in Unity, Huangdi became the common ancestor of the Han, the Manchus, the Mongols, the Tibetans, and the Hui Muslims, who were said to form the Zhonghua minzu, a broadly understood Chinese nation.

The Mongols, a minority in China, gave foreign immigrants, such as Muslims, Christians, and Jews from west Asia an elevated status over the native Han Chinese as part of their governing strategy, thus giving Muslims a heavy influence.

After this time, inscriptions on the Han bronze mirrors, as well as other writings, emphasized the desirability of keeping one's self at the center of the universe, where cosmic forces were strongest.

The largest philosophical rivals to Confucianism were Legalism and Mohism before the Han dynasty.

Following the victory of Han over Chu after the collapse of Qin, Confucius's thoughts received official sanction and were further developed into a system known as Confucianism.

As Moism lost support by the time of the Han, the main philosophical contenders were Legalism, which Confucian thought somewhat absorbed, the teachings of Lao-tzu, whose focus on more mystic ideas kept it from direct conflict with Confucianism, and the new Buddhist religion, which gained acceptance during the Southern and Northern Dynasties era.

They were honored with the rank of a marquis thirty-five times since Gaozu of the Han Dynasty, and they were promoted to the rank of duke forty-two times from the Tang Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty.

Emperor Wu of Han ( r. 141 BC-87 BC ) went to war with the Dayuan for this reason, since the Dayuan were hording a massive amount of tall, strong, Central Asian bred horses in the Hellenized – Greek region of Fergana ( established slightly earlier by Alexander the Great ).

Handheld crossbows with complex bronze trigger mechanisms have also been found with the Terracotta Army in the tomb of Qin Shihuang ( r. 221 – 210 BC ) that are similar to specimens from the subsequent Han Dynasty ( 202 BC – 220 AD ), while crossbowmen described in the Qin and Han Dynasty learned drill formations, some were even mounted as cavalry units, and Han Dynasty writers attributed the success of numerous battles against the Xiongnu to massed crossbow fire.

The Yuan and Qing Dynasties, which might be thought " foreign " as their imperial families were not of the Han people, faithfully carried out the tradition, writing the official histories of Han-ruled Song and Ming Dynasties respectively.

The Chinese hanghui probably existed already during the Han Dynasty ( 206 BC-AD 220 ), but certainly they were present in the Sui Dynasty ( 589-618 AD ).

As Confucianism became the preferred philosophy of later Chinese dynasties, starting from the Emperor Wu of Han, Mohism and other non-Confucian philosophical schools of thought were suppressed.

During this time, there were exceptional landscape painters like Dong Yuan ( refer to this article for an example of his artwork ), and those who painted more vivid and realistic depictions of domestic scenes, like Gu Hongzhong and his Night Revels of Han Xizai.

In India, water wheels and watermills were built ; in Imperial Rome, water powered mills produced flour from grain, and were also used for sawing timber and stone ; in China, watermills were widely used since the Han Dynasty.

As the kimono has another name,, the earliest kimonos were heavily influenced by traditional Han Chinese clothing, known today as, through Japanese embassies to China which resulted in extensive Chinese culture adoptions by Japan, as early as the 5th century AD.

His plays Han sidder ved Smeltediglen (" He sits by the melting pot ") and Niels Ebbesen were direct attacks on Nazism.

Modifying the integer-charged quark model of Han and Nambu, Fritzsch and Gell-Mann were the first to write down the modern accepted theory of quantum chromodynamics, although they did not anticipate asymptotic freedom.