Socialist theories that favored the market date back to the Ricardian socialists, who advocated a free-market combined with state ownership of the means of production.

The Western world generally advocated a quick dismantling of the Soviet planned economy to make way for " free-market reforms ," but later expressed disappointment over the newfound power and corruption of the " oligarchs.

In the former Yugoslavia, the successor political parties to the League of Communists in Serbia and Montenegro, the Socialist Party of Serbia and the Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro have advocated progression towards a free-market economy but also advocated state economic planning of elements of the economy, maintaining social welfare and have advocated significant state influence in the media.

Lenin regarded colonialism as the root cause of imperialism, as imperialism was distinguished by monopoly capitalism via colonialism and as Lyal S. Sunga explains: " Vladimir Lenin advocated forcefully the principle of self-determination of peoples in his " Theses on the Socialist Revolution and the Right of Nations to Self-Determination " as an integral plank in the programme of socialist internationalism " and he quotes Lenin who contended that " The right of nations to self-determination implies exclusively the right to independence in the political sense, the right to free political separation from the oppressor nation.

Sorel promoted the legitimacy of political violence in his work Reflections on Violence ( 1908 ) and other works in which he advocated radical syndicalist action to achieve a revolution to overthrow capitalism and the bourgeoisie through a general strike.

Although in contemporary usage free markets are commonly associated with capitalism, free markets have been advocated by socialists and have been included in various different proposals for market socialism.

More moderate versions of syndicalism were overshadowed by revolutionary anarcho-syndicalism in the early 20th century, which advocated the abolition of the state in addition to capitalism, feeling that syndicalist economics would replace the need for one.

Rather, traditional social democrats advocated the creation of socialism through political reforms by operating within the existing political system of capitalism.

Saint-Simon was fascinated by the enormous potential of science and technology and advocated a socialist society that would eliminate the disorderly aspects of capitalism and would be based upon equal opportunities.

This was done by a group of people with anarchists ideas stating that " capitalism allows banks to own a house and leave them intentionally empty so that they will rot on their own and be replaced with a shopping center, using money that didn't exist and left the debt to the people that many did not participate in the loan-spree advocated by the banks before depression.

Friedrich Engels, one of the founders of modern socialist theory, advocated the creation of a society that allows for the widespread application of modern technology to rationalise economic activity by eliminating the anarchy in production of capitalism.

With their ideas rooted in Marxism and the 20th-century European artistic avant-gardes, they advocated experiences of life alternative to those admitted by advanced capitalism, for the fulfillment of human desires.

Some anarchists ( usually social anarchists ) have advocated forms of direct democracy as an alternative to the centralized state and capitalism ; however, others ( such as individualist anarchists ) have criticized direct democracy and democracy in general for ignoring the rights of the minority, and instead have advocated a form of consensus decision-making.

Benjamin Tucker, an American individualist anarcho-socialist author, wrote of " state socialism " in his 1886 essay entitled State Socialism and Anarchism, defining it as a tendency that advocated for governmental control over the means of production as a necessary strategy in order to transition from capitalism to socialism.

The party advocated independence for Indonesia, and opposed imperialism and capitalism because it opined that both systems worsened the life of Indonesian people.

The Socialist Labor Party advocated a two-pronged attack against capitalism, including both economic and political components — trade unions and electoral campaigns.

He advocated competition with the West rather than outright hostility, stating that capitalism would decay from within and that world socialism would triumph peacefully.

Originally the term " socialist " was often used interchangeably with " co-operative ", " mutualist ", " associationist " and " collectivist " in reference to the organization of economic enterprise socialists advocated, in contrast to the private enterprise and corporate organizational structures inherent to capitalism.

The SRP also advocated Europe, led by a reunited German Reich, as a " third force " against both capitalism and communism.

He was opposed to laissez-faire capitalism, but was equally opposed to the redistribution of wealth advocated by socialists – his vision was of a property-owning society under the benign guidance of a fair and just government.

Trotskyism is the theory of communism as advocated by Leon Trotsky, or is more loosely used to denote various political currents claiming a tradition of Marxist and / or socialist opposition to both Stalinism and capitalism.

Also, New Imperialism was based on capitalism ( which though advocated by Adam Smith in 1789, was not used by Europe until the 19th century.

Mu believed that the thoughts of liberation advocated by capitalism would lead to a denial of the CPC leadership.

Nationalization was one of the major strategies advocated by socialists for transitioning from capitalism to socialism.

He argued in Ecology of Fear that realistic solutions lie in a radical transformation of the city and of capitalism by the global working-class, as Lewis Mumford and Garrett Eckbo advocated.

Although a strong advocate of capitalism, Whitman is a critic of free markets in the sense advocated by Milton Friedman and Friedrich Hayek.

Theoretically, he advocated a functionalist interpretation, which examined how social institutions functioned to satisfy individual needs.

World War II brought industrial stimulus and diversification to Adelaide under the Playford Government, which advocated Adelaide as a safe place for manufacturing due to its less vulnerable location.

* Mohism, which advocated the idea of universal love: Mozi believed that " everyone is equal before heaven ", and that people should seek to imitate heaven by engaging in the practice of collective love.

Mozi advocated frugality, condemning the Confucian emphasis on ritual and music, which he denounced as extravagant.

* Agrarianism, or the School of Agrarianism, which advocated peasant utopian communalism and egalitarianism.

Alongside writing and reading, he gave lessons in " spiritual culture ", which included interpretation of the Gospels, and advocated object teaching in writing instruction.

He even advocated forgiving the earlier enemies of Valdemar, which helped stabilize Denmark internally.

In 1800, as the result of a professional disagreement over the galvanic response advocated by Galvani, he invented the voltaic pile, an early electric battery, which produced a steady electric current.

During his presidency, Clinton advocated for a wide variety of legislation and programs, much of which was enacted into law or was implemented by the executive branch.

His political philosophy was largely shaped by his father Keshav Sitaram Thackeray, a leading figure in the Samyukta Maharashtra movement ( United Maharashtra movement ), which advocated the creation of a separate linguistic state of Maharashtra.

As opposed to Gropius's " study of essentials ", and Meyer's research into user requirements, Mies advocated a " spatial implementation of intellectual decisions ", which effectively meant an adoption of his own aesthetics.

This meaning is advocated by several classical rabbinical sources, which argue that it refers to the birth of Benjamin in Canaan, as compared with the birth of all the other sons of Jacob in Aram.

In May 1975, as it prepared to allow unmarried blacks to enroll, BJU adopted more detailed rules prohibiting interracial dating and marriage — threatening expulsion for any student who dated or married interracially, who advocated interracial marriage, who was " affiliated with any group or organization which holds as one of its goals or advocates interracial marriage ," or " who espouse, promote, or encourage others to violate the university's dating rules and regulations.

Subsequent modifications of Watson's perspective and that of " classical conditioning " ( see under Ivan Pavlov ) led to the rise of operant conditioning or " radical behaviorism ," a theory advocated by B. F. Skinner, which took over the academic establishment up through the 1950s and was synonymous with " behaviorism " for many.

Confucius advocated loyalty to principle rather than to individual in which reform was to be achieved by persuasion rather than violence.

Cycling on a stationary cycle is frequently advocated as a suitable exercise for rehabilitation, particularly for lower limb injury, owing to the low impact which it has on the joints.

Accordingly, “ moved by the same purposes ” the fathers “ apportioned equal prerogatives to the most holy see of new Rome ” because “ the city which is honored by the imperial power and senate and enjoying privileges equaling older imperial Rome should also be elevated to her level in ecclesiastical affairs and take second place after her .” The framework for allocating ecclesiastical authority advocated by the council fathers mirrored the allocation of imperial authority in the later period of the Roman Empire.

This was the central view of the Maritime Rights Movement of the 1920s, which advocated greater local control over the region's finances.

In 1891, W. Essex Wynter began treating tubercular meningitis by tapping the subarachnoid space, and Heinrich Quincke began to popularize lumbar puncture, which he advocated for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes ..

While many socialist currents advocated economic planning as an eventual substitute for the market for factors of production, some define economic planning as being based on worker-self management, with production being carried out to directly satisfy human needs, and contrast this with the concept of a command economy of the Soviet Union, which they characterize as being based on a top-down bureaucratic administration of the economy in a similar fashion to a capitalist firm.

In Lebanon, the right-wing Guardians of the Cedars, a fiercely nationalistic ( mainly Christian ) political party which opposes the country's ties to the Arab world, is agitating for " Lebanese " to be recognized as a distinct language from Arabic and not merely a dialect, and has even advocated replacing the Arabic alphabet with a revival of the ancient Phoenician alphabet, which lacks a number of characters to write typical Arabic phonemes present in Lebanese, and lost by Phoenician ( and Hebrew ) in the second millennium BC.

This stems from Gould's long-running public debate with E. O. Wilson and other evolutionary biologists over human sociobiology and its descendant evolutionary psychology, which Gould and Richard Lewontin opposed, but which Dennett advocated, together with Dawkins and Steven Pinker.

At the turn of the century, G. K. Chesterton and Hillaire Belloc drew together the disparate experiences of the various cooperatives and friendly societies in Northern England, Ireland and Northern Europe into a coherent political ideology which specifically advocated widespread private ownership of housing and control of industry through owner-operated small businesses and worker-controlled cooperatives.