Hippolytus of Rome ( d. 235 ) is commonly considered to be the earliest antipope, as he headed a separate group within the Church in Rome against Pope Callixtus I. Hippolytus was reconciled to Callixtus's second successor, Pope Pontian, and both he and Pontian are honoured as saints by the Roman Catholic Church with a shared feast day on 13 August.

It remained for his successor, Henry V to agree with Pope Calixtus II in 1122 to a compromise of the conflict over lay investitures known as the Concordat of Worms.

The most recent Coptic Orthodox Pope of Alexandria and the Patriarch of All Africa on the Holy See of Saint Mark was Pope Shenouda III, who died on March 17, 2012, for whom a successor has not yet been chosen.

Pope Gregory XI's return to Rome in 1377, followed by his death and the controversial election of his successor, Pope Urban VI, resulted in the defection of a number of cardinals and the election of a rival pope based at Avignon in 1378.

Justus became Archbishop of Canterbury in 624, receiving his pallium — the symbol of the jurisdiction entrusted to archbishops — from Pope Boniface V, following which Justus consecrated Romanus as his successor at Rochester.

Liutprand's successor Aistulf conquered Ravenna for the Lombards for the first time, but was subsequently defeated by the king of the Franks Pippin III, called by the Pope, and had to leave it.

Zachary's successor, Pope Stephen II, confirmed and anointed Pepin the Short, in 754 beginning the Carolingian monarchy.

In 1513, Pope Julius II died and his successor Pope Leo X, of the Medici family, commissioned Michelangelo to reconstruct the façade of the Basilica of San Lorenzo in Florence and to adorn it with sculptures.

Joseph Ratzinger, then a member of the faculty at the University of Tübingen but later a much more conservative figure as the head of the successor to the Holy Office, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, and later still Pope Benedict XVI.

Pope Celestine III proclaimed a crusade against the Baltic heathens in 1195, which was reiterated by Pope Innocent III and a crusading expedition led by Meinhard's successor, Bishop Berthold of Hanover, landed in Livonia ( part of present-day Latvia, surrounding the Gulf of Riga ) in 1198.

In the Catholic Church, the Pope is regarded as the successor of Saint Peter, the Apostle.

The ambassador of Louis XIV of France ( 1643 – 1715 ) succeeded in procuring his election on 6 October 1689, as successor to Pope Innocent XI ( 1676 – 89 ); nevertheless, after months of negotiation Alexander VIII finally condemned the declaration made in 1682 by the French clergy concerning the liberties of the Gallican church.

On 7 September 1159, he was chosen the successor of Pope Adrian IV.

It is notable that decisions of Pope Alexander III, his successor, Pope Lucius III, and King Henry VIII in proclaiming the Crown of Ireland Act 1542 were predicated on this document.

One of John XXI's few acts during his brief reign was the reversal of a decree recently passed at the Second Council of Lyon ( 1274 ) that not only confined cardinals in solitude until they elected a successor Pope, but also progressively restricted their supplies of food and wine if their deliberations took too long.

His successor, Pope Paschal II, made Lamberto a Canon of the Lateran before elevating him to the position of cardinal bishop of Ostia in 1117.

It was left to his successor, Pope Gregory IX, to insist upon their accomplishment.

He returned to France as a legate for Urban IV and also for his successor Pope Clement IV in 1264 – 1269 and again in 1274 – 1279 under Pope Gregory X.

Benedict's successor, Clement XII ( elected 1730 ), named him legate of Ravenna, where he erected the Porta Alberoni ( 1739 ), a magnificent gateway that formerly provided access to the city's dockyards, and has since been moved to the entrance of the Teatro Rasi.

However, in 1701 Clement XI decided to suspend Codde and appoint a successor.

The Liber Pontificalis also presents a list that makes Linus the second in the line of bishops of Rome, after Peter ; but at the same time it states that Peter ordained two bishops, Linus and Cletus, for the priestly service of the community, devoting himself instead to prayer and preaching, and that it was to Clement that he entrusted the Church as a whole, appointing him as his successor.

Tertullian too makes Clement the successor of Peter.

Benedict XI's successor, Clement V removed the papal seat from Rome to Avignon, inaugurating the period sometimes known as the Babylonian Captivity.

The antipope Clement VII died at Avignon on 16 September 1394, but the French cardinals quickly elected a successor on 28 September: Cardinal Pedro de Luna, who took the name Benedict XIII.

He was then about seventy-nine years of age ; and Clement IX, when making him a member of the Sacred College, said to him: " You will be our successor.

His successor Clement XIV tried to placate the enemies of the Jesuits by treating them harshly: he refused to meet the Superior General, Lorenzo Ricci, ordered them not to receive novices, etc.

After about a year in Cluny, Hildebrand returned to Rome in January 1049 with the new Pope Leo IX ( Bruno of Toul ), successor of Popes Clement II and Damasus II.

His successor was Pope Clement IV, who immediately took up the papal side of the arrangement.

A Pope at Avignon, the successor of Clement VI, he was a native of the hamlet of Les Monts, Diocese of Limoges ( today part of the commune of Beyssac, département of Corrèze ), and, after having taught civil law at Toulouse, he became successively Bishop of Noyon and Bishop of Clermont.

On 21 September 1676, Odescalchi was chosen Clement X's successor and took the name of Innocent XI.

* At the death of antipope Clement III, the supporters of the Holy Roman Emperor in Rome choose Theodoric as his successor.

The CPRR Engineering Department was taken over by Samuel S. Montegue as his successor as Chief Engineer, and Chief Assistant Engineer ( later Acting Chief Engineer ) Lewis Metzler Clement who also became Superintendent of Track.

Following the strife between Boniface VIII and Philip IV of France, and the death after only eight months of his successor Benedict XI, a deadlocked conclave finally elected Clement V, a Frenchman, as Pope in 1305.

St Evaristus succeeded St Clement in the See of Rome during the reign of Trajan and governed the Church for about eight years, as the fourth successor of St. Peter.

The Liber Pontificalis presents a list that makes Pope Linus the second in the line of bishops of Rome, with Peter as first ; but at the same time it states that Peter ordained two bishops, Linus and Pope Cletus, for the priestly service of the community, devoting himself instead to prayer and preaching, and that it was to Clement that he entrusted the Church as a whole, appointing him as his successor.

Tertullian too makes Clement the immediate successor of Peter.

And while in one of his works Jerome gives Clement as " the fourth bishop of Rome after Peter " ( not in the sense of fourth successor of Peter, but fourth in a series that included Peter ), he adds that " most of the Latins think that Clement was second after the apostle ".

Early succession lists name Clement as the first, second, or third successor of Saint Peter.

His successor, Pope Clement IX, initially appeared to be willing to continue the move against the Jansenist-leaning bishops.

Given the display of imperial power Henry III had inflicted on the Romans in intervening against Pope Gregory VI and installing Clement II, it is not surprising that on Christmas Day of 1047, an emissary was sent by the Roman people bringing news of Clement II's death to Henry III and asking him, in his position as Patricius of the Romans, to appoint a successor.

" Station X ", " London Signals Intelligence Centre " and " Government Communications Headquarters " were all cover names that were used during the war, and the latter ( GCHQ ) was adopted for the successor peacetime organisation that still bears this name.

Instead, it elected Cardinal Giovanni Battista Pamphili as his successor at the papal conclave of 1644, who took the name of Innocent X.

Stephen IX died at Florence on 29 March 1058 and is considered by the current-day Roman Catholic Church to have been succeeded by Pope Nicholas II, though others consider his successor to be Pope Benedict X, officially regarded as an antipope.

Pope Pius X also undertook a revision of the Roman Missal, which was published and declared typical by his successor Pope Benedict XV on 25 July 1920.

For each x in X, let s ( x ) be the successor of x in ≤ ordering on X ( unless x is the last element of X ).

X derives its name as a successor to a pre-1983 window system called W ( the letter preceding X in the English alphabet ).

In 1993, the X Consortium, Inc. ( a non-profit corporation ) formed as the successor to the MIT X Consortium.

He groomed the headstrong Piero II to follow as his successor in civil leadership ; Giovanni ( future Pope Leo X ) was placed in the church at an early age ; and his daughter Maddalena was provided with a sumptuous dowry to make a politically advantageous marriage to a son of Pope Innocent VIII.

The Vatican projects took most of his time, although he painted several portraits, including those of his two main patrons, the popes Julius II and his successor Leo X, the former considered one of his finest.

Pope Gregory X, in spite of Otakar's protests, not only recognised Rudolph himself, but persuaded King Alfonso X of Castile ( another grandson of Philip of Swabia ), who had been chosen German ( anti -) king in 1257 as the successor to Count William II of Holland, to do the same.

Louis was more liberal than his successor Charles X, choosing many centrist cabinets.

Charles X had one legitimate child by Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp: his successor Charles XI ( 1655 – 1697, reigned 1660 – 1697 ).

NeXT operating systems NeXTSTEP and OPENSTEP, and its successor, OS X, and other systems like RISC OS implemented another solution.

Pope Pius X consecrates his future successor Pope Benedict XV as Bishop Giacomo della Chiesa in the Vatican on 18 December 1907

Innocent's successor, Pope Alexander IV, continuing this policy, offered the Hohenstaufen lands in Germany to King Alfonso X of Castile and forbade Conradin's election as king of the Romans.

Changes done in OS X v10. 4 with the addition of Uniform Type Identifiers suggest that Apple heard those criticisms and is working on a file type successor to both type code and filename extensions.

In the meantime, Rama Varma X, the successor of Sakthan Thampuran signed a treaty with East Indian Company, and made Cochin a subsidiary of the British.