Beginning in 1917, German-Jewish philosopher Edmund Husserl championed Heidegger's work, and helped him secure the retiring Husserl's chair in Philosophy at the University of Freiburg.

Franz Clemens Honoratus Hermann Brentano ( January 16, 1838 – March 17, 1917 ) was an influential German philosopher and psychologist whose influence was felt by other such luminaries as Sigmund Freud, Edmund Husserl, Kazimierz Twardowski and Alexius Meinong, who followed and adapted his views.

Phenomenology began at the start of the 20th century with the descriptive psychology of Franz Brentano ( 1838 – 1917 ), and then the transcendental phenomenology of Edmund Husserl ( 1859 – 1938 ).

Edmund Husserl ( 1962, 2000 ) wrote extensively about categorial systems as part of his phenomenology.

Jacques Derrida wrote several critical studies of Husserl early in his academic career.

In these articles, Adorno championed avant-garde music at the same time as he critiqued the failings of musical modernity, as in the case of Stravinsky ’ s The Soldier ’ s Tale, which he called in 1923 a “ dismal Bohemian prank .” In these early writings, he was unequivocal in his condemnation of performances which either sought or pretended to achieve a transcendence which Adorno, in line with many intellectuals of the time, regarded as impossible: “ No cathedral ,” he wrote, “ can be built if no community desires one .” In the summer of 1924, Adorno received his doctorate with a study of Edmund Husserl under the direction of the unorthodox neo-Kantian Hans Cornelius.

On the relation between the two figures, Gadamer wrote: " When asked about phenomenology, Husserl was quite right to answer as he used to in the period directly after World War I: ' Phenomenology, that is me and Heidegger '.

There she wrote her metaphysical book Endliches und ewiges Sein, ( Finite and Eternal Being ) which tries to combine the philosophies of Aquinas and Husserl.

In his Logical Investigations, Husserl mentions Frege only twice, once in a footnote to point out that he had retracted three pages of his criticism of Frege's The Foundations of Arithmetic, and again to question Frege's use of the word Bedeutung to designate " reference " rather than " meaning " ( sense ).

Rudolf Carnap was also influenced by Husserl, not only concerning Husserl's notion of essential insight that Carnap used in his Der Raum, but also his notion of " formation rules " and " transformation rules " is founded on Husserl's philosophy of logic.

Heidegger himself, who is supposed to have broken with Husserl, bases his hermeneutics on an account of time that not only parallels Husserl's account in many ways but seems to have been arrived at through the same phenomenological method as was used by Husserl ....

The content of Being and Time, according to Husserl, claimed to deal with ontology, but from Husserl's perspective only did so in the first few pages of the book.

The same paradox had been discovered a year before by Ernst Zermelo but he did not publish the idea, which remained known only to Hilbert, Husserl and other members of the University of Göttingen.

Although studying an array of subjects at the school, Foucault's particular interest was soon drawn to philosophy, reading not only the works of Hegel and Marx that he had been exposed to by Hyppolite but also studying the writings of the philosophers Immanuel Kant ( 1724 – 1804 ), Edmund Husserl ( 1859 – 1938 ) and most significantly, Martin Heidegger ( 1889 – 1976 ).

While for Husserl, in the epochè, being appeared only as a correlate of consciousness, for Heidegger being is the starting point.

Husserl charged Heidegger with raising the question of ontology but failing to answer it, instead switching the topic to the Dasein, the only being for whom Being is an issue.

Hence he and many of his pupils ( in particular Carl Stumpf and Edmund Husserl ) thought that the natural sciences could only yield hypotheses and never universal, absolute truths as in pure logic or mathematics.

Edmund Husserl, founder of phenomenology and a strong influence on 20th Century European philosophy, argued that the first two meditations are the only part of Descartes's work with any philosophical importance at all.

In 1938, Ritter was the only faculty member at Freiburg to attend the funeral of Edmund Husserl, considered the founder of the modern philosophical school of phenomenology.

The Utopian and messianic ideas of Mitrinović ( incorporated in the philosophical concepts of Husserl and Peter Demianovich Ouspensky, the theosophical doctrine of G. I. Gurdjieff, and the psychoanalytical school of Freud, Jung and Adler ) were brought to the attention of the public not only in the periodical The New Age but also in the periodical The New Atlantis ( which Mitrinović edited ) and The New Albion ( which he co-edited with A. R.

Husserl himself taught philosophy as a Privatdozent at Halle from 1887, then as professor, first at Göttingen from 1901, then at Freiburg from 1916 until he retired in 1928.

At the University of Leipzig from 1876 to 1878, Husserl studied mathematics, physics, and astronomy.

In 1912 at Freiburg the journal Jahrbuch für Philosophie und Phänomenologische Forschung was founded by Husserl and his school, which published articles of their phenomenological movement from 1913 to 1930.

On April 6 Husserl was suspended from the University of Freiburg by the Badische Ministry of Culture ; the following week he was disallowed any university activities.

By contrast, in July Husserl resigned from the Deutsche Academie.

Another important element that Husserl took over from Brentano is intentionality, the notion that the main characteristic of consciousness is that it is always intentional.

Husserl proposed that the world of objects and ways in which we direct ourselves toward and perceive those objects is normally conceived of in what he called the " natural standpoint ", which is characterized by a belief that objects materially exist and exhibit properties that we see as emanating from them.

Husserl proposed a radical new phenomenological way of looking at objects by examining how we, in our many ways of being intentionally directed toward them, actually " constitute " them ( to be distinguished from materially creating objects or objects merely being figments of the imagination ); in the Phenomenological standpoint, the object ceases to be something simply " external " and ceases to be seen as providing indicators about what it is, and becomes a grouping of perceptual and functional aspects that imply one another under the idea of a particular object or " type ".

Husserl stated that logic has three strata, each further away from consciousness and psychology than those that precede it.

After obtaining his PhD in mathematics, Husserl began analyzing the foundations of mathematics from a psychological point of view.

Husserl stated that by the time he published that book, he had already changed his mind — that he had doubts about psychologism from the very outset.

Hermann Weyl's interest in intuitionistic logic and impredicativity appears to have resulted from his reading of Husserl.

Sartre was influenced by many aspects of Western philosophy, adopting ideas from Immanuel Kant, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Søren Kierkegaard, Edmund Husserl and Martin Heidegger, among others.

Such a conclusion led Heidegger to depart from the Phenomenology of his teacher Husserl and prompt instead an ( ironically anachronistic ) return to the yet-unasked questions of Ontology, a return that in general did not acknowledge an intrinsic distinction between phenomena and noumena or between things in themselves ( de re ) and things as they appear ( see qualia ): Being-in-the-world, or rather, the openness to the process of Dasein's / Being's becoming was to bridge the age-old gap between these two.

Yet Adorno's attempts to break out of the sociology of music were, at this time, twice thwarted: neither the study of Mannheim he had been working on for years nor extracts from his study of Husserl were accepted by the Zeitschrift.

After the war, he served as a salaried senior assistant to Edmund Husserl at the University of Freiburg in the Black Forest from 1919 until 1923.

The second intuition animating Heidegger's philosophy derives from the influence of Edmund Husserl, a philosopher largely uninterested in questions of philosophical history.

For Heidegger, unlike for Husserl, philosophical terminology could not be divorced from the history of the use of that terminology, and thus genuine philosophy could not avoid confronting questions of language and meaning.

Daniel O. Dahlstrom saw Heidegger's presentation of his work as a departure from Husserl as unfairly misrepresenting Husserl's own work.

The Reich law required the firing of Jewish professors from German universities, including those, such as Husserl, who had converted to Christianity.

In 1941, under pressure from publisher Max Niemeyer, Heidegger agreed to remove the dedication to Husserl from Being and Time ( restored in post-war editions ).