Husserl stated that logic has three strata, each further away from consciousness and psychology than those that precede it.

Maurice Merleau-Ponty () ( 14 March 1908 – 3 May 1961 ) was a French phenomenological philosopher, strongly influenced by Karl Marx, Edmund Husserl, and Martin Heidegger in addition to being closely associated with Jean-Paul Sartre ( who later stated he had been " converted " to Marxism by Merleau-Ponty ) and Simone de Beauvoir.

On several occasions Derrida has acknowledged his debt to Husserl and Heidegger, and stated that without them he would have not said a single word.

This approach was first proposed by the philosopher Edmund Husserl, and later elaborated by other philosophers and scientists.

* Cartesian Meditations, a work by Edmund Husserl

" As mentioned above in section on Derrida's deconstruction of Husserl Derrida actually argues for the contamination of pure origins by the structures of language and temporality and Manfred Frank has even referred to Derrida's work as " Neostructuralism " and this seems to capture Derrida's novel concern for how texts are structured.

Influenced by the views of Brentano's pupil Alexius Meinong, and by Edmund Husserl, Germanophone and Francophone philosophy took a different direction regarding the question of existence.

Then Husserl traveled to Vienna to study at the Realgymnasium there, followed next by the Staatsgymnasium in Olomouc ( Ger: Olmütz ).

Husserl was so impressed by Brentano that he decided to dedicate his life to philosophy ; indeed, Franz Brentano is often credited as being his most important influence, e. g., with regard to intentionality.

This work was well received and became the subject of a seminar given by Wilhelm Dilthey ; Husserl in 1905 traveled to Berlin to visit Dilthey.

In 1912 at Freiburg the journal Jahrbuch für Philosophie und Phänomenologische Forschung was founded by Husserl and his school, which published articles of their phenomenological movement from 1913 to 1930.

On April 6 Husserl was suspended from the University of Freiburg by the Badische Ministry of Culture ; the following week he was disallowed any university activities.

In the summer of 1929 Husserl had studied carefully selected writings of Heidegger, coming to the conclusion that on several of their key positions they differed, e. g., Heidegger substituted Dasein for the pure ego, thus transforming phenomenology into an anthropology, a specie of psychologism strongly disfavored by Husserl.

Husserl proposed that the world of objects and ways in which we direct ourselves toward and perceive those objects is normally conceived of in what he called the " natural standpoint ", which is characterized by a belief that objects materially exist and exhibit properties that we see as emanating from them.

Husserl proposed a radical new phenomenological way of looking at objects by examining how we, in our many ways of being intentionally directed toward them, actually " constitute " them ( to be distinguished from materially creating objects or objects merely being figments of the imagination ); in the Phenomenological standpoint, the object ceases to be something simply " external " and ceases to be seen as providing indicators about what it is, and becomes a grouping of perceptual and functional aspects that imply one another under the idea of a particular object or " type ".

In it, Husserl for the first time attempts a historical overview of the development of Western philosophy and science, emphasizing the challenges presented by their increasingly ( one-sidedly ) empirical and naturalistic orientation.

* The second stratum would be called by Husserl " logic of consequence " or the " logic of non-contradiction " which explores all possible forms of true judgments.

In his professorial doctoral dissertation, On the Concept of Number ( 1886 ) and in his Philosophy of Arithmetic ( 1891 ), Husserl sought, by employing Brentano's descriptive psychology, to define the natural numbers in a way that advanced the methods and techniques of Karl Weierstrass, Richard Dedekind, Georg Cantor, Gottlob Frege, and other contemporary mathematicians.

Husserl states that this effort made by psychologists is a " metábasis eis állo génos " ( Gr. " a transgression to another field ").

Husserl responds by saying that truth itself as well as logical laws always remain valid regardless of psychological " evidence " that they are true.

David Carr of Yale University commented in 1970 on Husserl's following: " It is well known that Husserl was always disappointed at the tendency of his students to go their own way, to embark upon fundamental revisions of phenomenology rather than engage in the communal task " as originally intended by the radical new science.

Jean-Paul Sartre was also largely influenced by Husserl, although he later came to disagree with key points in his analyses.

Rudolf Carnap was also influenced by Husserl, not only concerning Husserl's notion of essential insight that Carnap used in his Der Raum, but also his notion of " formation rules " and " transformation rules " is founded on Husserl's philosophy of logic.

Karol Wojtyla, who would later become became Pope John-Paul II was influenced by Husserl.

During this period Husserl had delivered lectures on internal time consciousness, which several decades later his former student Heidegger edited for publication.

According to Husserl, this view of logic and mathematics accounted for the objectivity of a series of mathematical developments of his time, such as n-dimensional manifolds ( both Euclidean and non-Euclidean ), Hermann Grassmann's theory of extensions, William Rowan Hamilton's Hamiltonians, Sophus Lie's theory of transformation groups, and Cantor's set theory.

This is particularly the case when one attends to the phenomena of the body ( which is at once body-subject and body-object ), subjective time ( the consciousness of time is neither an act of consciousness nor an object of thought ) and the other ( the first considerations of the other in Husserl led to solipsism ).

In these articles, Adorno championed avant-garde music at the same time as he critiqued the failings of musical modernity, as in the case of Stravinsky ’ s The Soldier ’ s Tale, which he called in 1923 a “ dismal Bohemian prank .” In these early writings, he was unequivocal in his condemnation of performances which either sought or pretended to achieve a transcendence which Adorno, in line with many intellectuals of the time, regarded as impossible: “ No cathedral ,” he wrote, “ can be built if no community desires one .” In the summer of 1924, Adorno received his doctorate with a study of Edmund Husserl under the direction of the unorthodox neo-Kantian Hans Cornelius.

Yet Adorno's attempts to break out of the sociology of music were, at this time, twice thwarted: neither the study of Mannheim he had been working on for years nor extracts from his study of Husserl were accepted by the Zeitschrift.

Heidegger himself, who is supposed to have broken with Husserl, bases his hermeneutics on an account of time that not only parallels Husserl's account in many ways but seems to have been arrived at through the same phenomenological method as was used by Husserl ....

Simmel had a hard time gaining acceptance in the academic community despite the support of well known associates, such as Max Weber, Rainer Maria Rilke, Stefan George and Edmund Husserl.

At the same time the phenomenological philosophy of Husserl and Heidegger became increasingly influential, perhaps owing to its resonances with those French philosophies which placed great stock in the first-person perspective ( an idea found in divergent forms such as Cartesianism, spiritualism, and Bergsonism ).

However, recent trends on the matter appear to reject Dreyfus ' interpretation of Husserl while at the same time maintaining a high interest in the integration of Husserlian phenomenology into the sciences of mind, as demonstrated by Evan Thompson's recent work.

Sartre was influenced at the time by the philosophy of Edmund Husserl and his phenomenological method.

At the time, philosophical thought was dominated by German neo-Kantianism, and that movement's main challenger, the Phenomenology of Edmund Husserl.

Ritter's presence at the funeral of Husserl was widely interpreted at the time ( and since ) as an act of quiet courage and political protest against the Nazi regime.

Philosophically, Minkowski was influenced by both Bergson and Husserl, both of whom developed unique and individual accounts of time.

This modern Platonism ( sometimes rendered " platonism ," with a lower-case p, to distinguish it from the ancient schools ) has been endorsed in one way or another at one time or another by numerous philosophers ( most of whom taking a particular interest in the philosophy and foundations of logic and mathematics ), including Bernard Bolzano, Gottlob Frege, Edmund Husserl, Bertrand Russell, Alonzo Church, Kurt Gödel, W. V.

In the war-time 1941 edition of Heidegger's primary work, Being and Time ( first published in 1927 ), the original dedication to Husserl was removed.

From Logical Investigations ( 1900 / 1901 ) to Experience and Judgment ( published in 1939 ), Husserl expressed clearly the difference between meaning and object.

Furthermore, various sources indicate that Husserl changed his mind about psychologism as early as 1890, a year before he published the Philosophy of Arithmetic.

He returned to Freiburg in 1928 to study with Edmund Husserl and write a Habilitation with Martin Heidegger, which was published in 1932 as Hegel's Ontology and Theory of Historicity.

Munich Phenomenology, refers to the group of philosophers, psychologists and phenomenologists that studied and worked in Munich at the beginning of the twentieth century, when Edmund Husserl published his masterwork, the Logical Investigations and began the phenomenological movement.