In this new work Illich generalized the themes that he had previously applied to the field of education: the institutionalization of specialized knowledge, the dominant role of technocratic elites in industrial society, and the need to develop new instruments for the reconquest of practical knowledge by the average citizen.

Kohl's writing had significant influence on other education writers and theorists including John Holt, Jonathan Kozol, Richard Farson, Ivan Illich, Paul Goodman, George Dennison, James Herndon, Charles E. Silberman, John Taylor Gatto, Neil Postman and others.

* 2002 – Ivan Illich, Austrian priest and philosopher ( b. 1926 )

In his paper Hospitality and Pain, Christian theologian Ivan Illich states: " Compassion with Christ ... is faith so strong and so deeply incarnate that it leads to the individual embodiment of the contemplated pain.

Colin Ward in his main theorectical publication Anarchy in Action ( 1973 ) in a chapter called " Schools No Longer " " discusses the genealogy of education and schooling, in particular examining the writings of Everett Reimer and Ivan Illich, and the beliefs of anarchist educator Paul Goodman.

He draws the same distinction as Ivan Illich, between tools that stay under the control of the user, and technological systems that draw the user into their control.

Also during this year, Ivan Illich described computer-based " learning webs " in his book Deschooling Society.

Ivan Illich (; Vienna, 4 September 1926 – Bremen, 2 December 2002 ) was an Austrian philosopher, Roman Catholic priest, and " maverick social critic " of the institutions of contemporary western culture and their effects on the provenance and practice of education, medicine, work, energy use, transportation, and economic development.

Illich was born in Vienna to a Croatian, Catholic father — engineer Ivan Peter Illich and Sephardic Jewish mother — Ellen née Regenstreif-Ortlieb.

" In 1956, at the age of 30, he was appointed as the vice rector of the Catholic University of Puerto Rico, " a position he managed to keep for several years before getting thrown out — Illich was just a little too loud in his criticism of the Vatican ’ s pronouncements on birth control and comparatively demure silence about the bomb.

" It was in Puerto Rico that Illich met Everett Reimer and the two began to analyze their own functions as " educational " leaders.

In 1961, Illich founded the Centro Intercultural de Documentación ( CIDOC, or Intercultural Documentation Center ) at Cuernavaca in Mexico, ostensibly a research center offering language courses to missionaries from North America and volunteers of the Alliance for Progress program initiated by John F. Kennedy.

Illich looked askance at the liberal pity or conservative imperiousness that motivated the rising tide of global industrial development.

At the CIDOC, " Illich was able to develop his potent and highly influential critique of Third World development schemes and their fresh-faced agents: Kennedy ’ s Alliance for Progress, the Peace Corps, and countless other missionary efforts bankrolled and organized by wealthy nations, foundations, and religious groups.

Unpopular with the local chapter of Opus Dei, Illich was called to Rome for questioning, due in part to a report from the CIA.

In 1976, Illich, apparently concerned by the influx of formal academics and the potential side effects of its own " institutionalization ," shut the center down with consent from the other members of the CIDOC.

Illich himself resigned from the active priesthood in the late 1960s ( having attained the rank of monsignor ), but continued to identify as a priest and occasionally performed private masses.

In the 1970s, Illich was popular among leftist intellectuals in France, his thesis having been discussed in particular by André Gorz.

In the 1980s and beyond, Illich traveled extensively, mainly splitting his time between the United States, Mexico, and Germany.

The book that brought Ivan Illich to public attention was Deschooling Society ( 1971 ), a radical critical discourse on education as practised in " modern " economies.

" Illich proposed that we should " invert the present deep structure of tools " in order to " give people tools that guarantee their right to work with independent efficiency.

In his Medical Nemesis, first published in 1975, also known as Limits to Medicine, Illich subjected contemporary Western medicine to detailed attack.

Others have since voiced similar views, but none so trenchantly, perhaps, as Illich.

Singing into the mirror and his interested eyes, he was pleased to note, when he stripped for his own bath, that he still had the best part of his Italian sun tan.

Already Trevelyan had begun to parallel his nineteenth-century Italian studies with several works on English figures of the same period.

An entire theater had been set up for his diversion, with a 200-man Italian orchestra under the well-known Sarti.

Boniface had to uphold the sacredness of the feudal contract at all costs, for it was only as suzerain of Sicily and of the Patrimony of Peter that he had any justification for his Italian wars, but in the English-Scottish-French triangle it was almost impossible for him to recognize the claims of any one of the contestants without seeming to invalidate those of the other two.

An Italian poet had noticed plainclothes policemen lounging around the area of Quirinal Palace, the first time since the war.

It had required the approval of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt before the John Harvey could be loaded with 100 tons of mustard gas and despatched to the Italian warfront.

In 1842, the Italian mathematician Luigi Menabrea, whom Babbage had met while travelling in Italy, wrote a description of the engine in French.

Their letters suggest that both Mozart and his father, being Austrians who resented the special place that Italian composers had in the courts of the Austrian princes, blamed the Italians in general and Salieri in particular for all of Mozart's difficulties in establishing himself in Vienna.

While Italian by birth, Salieri had lived in imperial Vienna for almost 60 years and was regarded by such people as the music critic Friedrich Rochlitz as a German composer.

By 1686 he had definitely established the " Italian overture " form ( second edition of Dal male il bene ), and had abandoned the ground bass and the binary form air in two stanzas in favour of the ternary form or da capo type of air.

Although as a result Aston Martin had to make 60 members of the workforce redundant, Gauntlett bought a stake in Italian styling house Zagato, and resurrected its collaboration with Aston Martin.

He also would have had access to some Italian works in Germany, but the two visits he made to Italy had an enormous influence on him.

In painting, Dürer had relatively little influence in Italy, where probably only his altarpiece in Venice was seen, and his German successors were less effective in blending German and Italian styles.

Even this version had room for improvement, leading British Aerospace and the Italian firm Alenia to develop advanced versions of Sparrow with better performance and improved electronics as the BAe Skyflash and Alenia Aspide, respectively.

The concept was that because Italian bond futures had a less liquid market, in the short term Italian bond futures would have a higher return than U. S. bonds, but in the long term, the prices would converge.

National Alliance, launched in 1994, was officially founded in January 1995, when the Italian Social Movement ( MSI ), the former neo-fascist party, merged with conservative elements of the former Christian Democracy, which had disbanded in 1994 after two years of scandals and various splits due to corruption at its highest levels, exposed by the Mani Pulite investigation, and the Italian Liberal Party, disbanded in the same year.

When Gianfranco Fini visited Israel in late November 2003 in the function of Italian Deputy Prime Minister, he labeled the racial laws issued by the fascist regime in 1938 as " infamous ", as also Giorgio Almirante, historic leader of MSI, had done before.

She also was a great-grandniece of Giovanni Schiaparelli, an Italian astronomer who believed he had discovered the supposed canals of Mars, and a great-grandniece of art expert Bernard Berenson ( 1865 – 1959 ) and his sister Senda Berenson ( 1868 – 1954 ), an athlete and educator who was one of the first two women elected to the Basketball Hall of Fame.

General Oreste Baratieri, commander of the Italian forces, knew the Ethiopian forces had been living off the land, and once the supplies of the local peasants were exhausted, Emperor Menelik's army would begin to melt away.

However, the three leading Italian brigades had become separated during their overnight march and at dawn were spread across several miles of very difficult terrain.