He draws the same distinction as Ivan Illich, between tools that stay under the control of the user, and technological systems that draw the user into their control.

In 1961 Illich founded the Centro Intercultural de Documentación ( CIDOC ) at Cuernavaca in Mexico, in order to " counterfoil " the Vatican's participation in the " modern development " of the so-called Third World.

Illich, a philosopher, argued that the medical profession harms people through iatrogenesis, a process in which illness and social problems increase as a result of medical intervention.

Ivan Illich (; Vienna, 4 September 1926 – Bremen, 2 December 2002 ) was an Austrian philosopher, Roman Catholic priest, and " maverick social critic " of the institutions of contemporary western culture and their effects on the provenance and practice of education, medicine, work, energy use, transportation, and economic development.

" It was in Puerto Rico that Illich met Everett Reimer and the two began to analyze their own functions as " educational " leaders.

At the CIDOC, " Illich was able to develop his potent and highly influential critique of Third World development schemes and their fresh-faced agents: Kennedy ’ s Alliance for Progress, the Peace Corps, and countless other missionary efforts bankrolled and organized by wealthy nations, foundations, and religious groups.

: The main notion of Ivan Illich is the concept of counterproductivity: when institutions of modern industrial society impede their purported aims.

Other critical pedagogues known more for their anti-schooling, unschooling, or deschooling perspectives include Ivan Illich, John Holt, Ira Shor, John Taylor Gatto, and Matt Hern.

Illich saw iatrogenesis occurring on three levels: the clinical, involving serious side effects worse than the original condition ; the social, whereby the general public is made docile and reliant on the medical profession to cope with life in their society ; and the structural, whereby the idea of aging and dying as medical illnesses effectively " medicalized " human life and left individuals and societies less able to deal with these " natural " processes.

In this new work Illich generalized the themes that he had previously applied to the field of education: the institutionalization of specialized knowledge, the dominant role of technocratic elites in industrial society, and the need to develop new instruments for the reconquest of practical knowledge by the average citizen.

For example, Ivan Illich calculated that, in America in the 1970s, if you add the time spent to work to earn the money to buy a car, the time spent in the car ( including traffic jam ), the time spent in the health care industry because of a car crash, the time spent in the oil industry to fuel cars ... etc., and you divide the number of kilometres traveled per year by that, you obtain the following calculation: 10000 km per year per person divided by 1600 hours per year per American equals 6 km per hour.

His work featured a concern for the social impact of technology and was influenced by the philosophy of Ivan Illich.

" He has identified the work of Benjamin Tucker, Ralph Borsodi, Lewis Mumford, and Ivan Illich as sources of inspiration for his approach to politics and economics.

In his paper Hospitality and Pain, Christian theologian Ivan Illich states: " Compassion with Christ ... is faith so strong and so deeply incarnate that it leads to the individual embodiment of the contemplated pain.

Unpopular with the local chapter of Opus Dei, Illich was called to Rome for questioning, due in part to a report from the CIA.

In 1976, Illich, apparently concerned by the influx of formal academics and the potential side effects of its own " institutionalization ," shut the center down with consent from the other members of the CIDOC.

* Ivan Illich with Jerry Brown, KPFA-March 22, 1996

As an education theorist and writer, Postman is closely associated with other critics and commentators including John Holt, Ivan Illich, Paul Goodman, George Dennison, Jonathan Kozol, Herbert Kohl, James Herndon, Charles E. Silberman, John Taylor Gatto, and others.

; Ivan Illich: Ivan Illich ( 1926 – 2002 ) was a libertarian-socialist social thinker, with roots in the Catholic Church, who wrote critiques of technology, energy use and compulsory education.

The ethic appeared in anarchist circles and to have come to prominence with essays such as In Praise of Idleness and Other Essays by Bertrand Russell, The Right to Useful Unemployment by Ivan Illich, and The Abolition of Work by Bob Black, published in 1985.

Freire's explorations were in sync with those of John Holt and Ivan Illich, each of whom were quickly identified as radical educators.

He has published many dialgoues with overseas intellectuals visiting Japan, such as Michael Foucault, Félix Guattari, Ivan Illich, and Jean Baudrillard.

* 2002 – Ivan Illich, Austrian priest and philosopher ( b. 1926 )

Colin Ward in his main theorectical publication Anarchy in Action ( 1973 ) in a chapter called " Schools No Longer " " discusses the genealogy of education and schooling, in particular examining the writings of Everett Reimer and Ivan Illich, and the beliefs of anarchist educator Paul Goodman.

Also during this year, Ivan Illich described computer-based " learning webs " in his book Deschooling Society.

Illich was born in Vienna to a Croatian, Catholic father — engineer Ivan Peter Illich and Sephardic Jewish mother — Ellen née Regenstreif-Ortlieb.

Illich had Italian, Spanish, French, and German as native languages.

" In 1956, at the age of 30, he was appointed as the vice rector of the Catholic University of Puerto Rico, " a position he managed to keep for several years before getting thrown out — Illich was just a little too loud in his criticism of the Vatican ’ s pronouncements on birth control and comparatively demure silence about the bomb.

In 1961, Illich founded the Centro Intercultural de Documentación ( CIDOC, or Intercultural Documentation Center ) at Cuernavaca in Mexico, ostensibly a research center offering language courses to missionaries from North America and volunteers of the Alliance for Progress program initiated by John F. Kennedy.

Illich looked askance at the liberal pity or conservative imperiousness that motivated the rising tide of global industrial development.

Illich himself resigned from the active priesthood in the late 1960s ( having attained the rank of monsignor ), but continued to identify as a priest and occasionally performed private masses.

In the 1970s, Illich was popular among leftist intellectuals in France, his thesis having been discussed in particular by André Gorz.

In the 1980s and beyond, Illich traveled extensively, mainly splitting his time between the United States, Mexico, and Germany.

The book that brought Ivan Illich to public attention was Deschooling Society ( 1971 ), a radical critical discourse on education as practised in " modern " economies.

In his Medical Nemesis, first published in 1975, also known as Limits to Medicine, Illich subjected contemporary Western medicine to detailed attack.

Others have since voiced similar views, but none so trenchantly, perhaps, as Illich.

The trouble with all these doctrinal quarrels is that we hear only one side of the story: what, in the secret councils of the Kremlin, Molotov had really proposed, we just don't know, and he has had no chance to reply.

`` We, the Subscribers, do agree, that as soon as a convenient Number of Persons have subscribed to this, or a similar Writing, We will present a petition to the Hon'ble General Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, praying for an Act incorporating into a Body politic the subscribers to such Writing with Liberty to build such a Bridge, and a Right to demand a Toll equal to that received at Malden Bridge, and on like Terms, and if such an Act shall be obtained, then we severally agree each with the others, that we will hold in the said Bridge the several shares set against our respective Names, the whole into two hundred shares being divided, and that we will pay such sums of Money at such Times and in such Manners, as by the said proposed Corporation, shall be directed and required ''.

Whereas for certain other language families, such as the speakers of Indo-European, Uralic, and Austronesian, we are able to frame substantial hypotheses, in the case of the proposed Altaic family everything remains to be done.

Alternative arguments from moral order have proposed that we have an obligation to attain the perfect good of both happiness and moral virtue.

He proposed that we speak not of minds, bodies, and the world, but of individuals, or persons, acting in the world.

Such a machine violates no physical laws, and we already possess the basic technologies necessary for some of the more detailed proposed designs.

Moral epistemology, the part of epistemology ( and / or ethics ) that studies how we know moral facts and how moral beliefs are justified, has proposed an answer.

Husserl proposed that the world of objects and ways in which we direct ourselves toward and perceive those objects is normally conceived of in what he called the " natural standpoint ", which is characterized by a belief that objects materially exist and exhibit properties that we see as emanating from them.

Husserl proposed a radical new phenomenological way of looking at objects by examining how we, in our many ways of being intentionally directed toward them, actually " constitute " them ( to be distinguished from materially creating objects or objects merely being figments of the imagination ); in the Phenomenological standpoint, the object ceases to be something simply " external " and ceases to be seen as providing indicators about what it is, and becomes a grouping of perceptual and functional aspects that imply one another under the idea of a particular object or " type ".

One of three members of the committee, Thomas Jefferson proposed that one side of the seal feature Hengist and Horsa, " the Saxon chiefs from whom we claim the honor of being descended, and whose political principles and form of government we assumed.

The concept of other universes has been proposed to explain how our Universe appears to be fine-tuned for conscious life as we experience it.

In an often quoted remark, Gould stated, " Since we proposed punctuated equilibria to explain trends, it is infuriating to be quoted again and again by creationists — whether through design or stupidity, I do not know — as admitting that the fossil record includes no transitional forms.

Members of the British Association for the Advancement of Science had been complaining about the lack of a good term at recent meetings, Whewell reported in his review ; alluding to himself, he noted that " some ingenious gentleman proposed that, by analogy with artist, they might form word scientist, and added that there could be no scruple in making free with this term since we already have such words as economist, and atheist — but this was not generally palatable ".

Countering Gould, Davis further explained that Goddard proposed that the low IQs of the sub-normally intelligent men and women who took the cognitive-ability test likely derived from their social environments rather than from their respective genetic inheritances, and concluded that " we may be confident that their children will be of average intelligence, and, if rightly brought up, will be good citizens.

::' In comparing the moral qualitys of actions, in order to regulate our election among various actions proposed, or to find which of them has the greatest moral excellency, we are led by our moral sense of virtue to judge thus ; that in equal degrees of happiness, expected to proceed from the action, the virtue is in proportion to the number of persons to whom the happiness shall extend ( and here the dignity, or moral importance of persons, may compensate numbers ); and in equal numbers, the virtue is as the quantity of the happiness, or natural good ; or that the virtue is in a compound ratio of the quantity of good, and number of enjoyers.

Gregory's theology was thus apophatic: he proposed that God should be defined in terms of what we know He is not rather than what we might speculate Him to be.

In response, Sigmund Freud proposed that we do not move about in a common world, but a common thought process.

It has also been proposed that the poverty of the stimulus problem can be largely avoided, if we assume that children employ similarity-based generalization strategies in language learning, generalizing about the usage of new words from similar words that they already know how to use.

The philosopher Charles Taylor, influenced by the 20th century German philosopher Martin Heidegger, has proposed that reason ought to include the faculty of disclosure, which is tied to the way we make sense of things in everyday life, as a new " department " of reason.